Dear WizaRds, I tried to construct a two-phase sampling design in Survey just the way I hoped understood in Vienna - I was wrong. I think I am too stupid to create the correct subset for phase 2. Phase1: Sample 1000 parts with 80 defective. Phase2: Sample 100 parts out of these 1000 with 15 defective. 0:ok, 1:defunct. The table below gives the conditional sampling values. Please help me: library(survey) ss1 <- data.frame(id=1:1000, ph1.x=rep(c(1,0),c(10,990)), subset=rep(c(1,0),c(100,900)), ph2.y=rep(c(1,0,NA),c(15,85,900)), n1=rep(1000,1000), n2=rep(100,1000) ) table(ss1$ph1.y, ss1$ph2.x) > Phase1.x >Phase2.y 0 1 > 0 85 0 > 1 5 10 p2 <- twophase(id=list(~id,~id), strata=list(NULL,NULL), data=ss1, subset=~subset, fpc=list(~n1,~n2)) svymean (~ph2.y, design=p2s) > mean SE >ph2.y 0.15 0 However, taking into consideration the 2nd sample, the estimator should be: ph1.x.bar (phase1)=80/1000=0.08 and ph2.y.bar (phase2)=15/100=0.15 defect boards, that means y.est=1.5*0.08=0.12 defect boards, since the RATIO ESTIMATOR equals 15/10=1.5 defect parts for the ratio of defect ph2/defect ph1. What again did I do wrong? I am positive that the estimator is 12 defective parts per 100 average, so how do I correctly construct the twophase design? ps: I hope this is not sthg. undergraduates master eloquently... Thank you so much for your help. I invite you to all the BBQ and beer there is in Europe! Yours always mark