Hi, after standardizing my data by dividing each covariate by its mean, the hazard ratio of variables ranges btw ~ 0.5 and 3.55. when i test the PH assumption by cox.zph, rho ranges btw -0.4235863 and 0.359827. visualizing the PH assumption by plot, the plot of scaled schoefeld residuals against transformed time doesn't give a line with slope 0 for all covariates. note that there are 100 covariates and 300 samples. Look forward to your reply, Carol --------------------------------- Finding fabulous fares is fun. [[alternative HTML version deleted]]