Dear R community, I am trying to do a split-plot analysis as follows. I have a data set (?morf?) with plant data from 6 ?blocks? at different latitudes, each divided in 3 plots. The full-plot ?treatment? is ?soil type? and has three levels. Within each plot I have two levels of radiation, coded as ?SUN? and ?SHADE?. I have data for several response traits for 30 plants within each subplot, that is 1080 plants in total (6 Blocks x 3Plots x 2Radiation levels x 30 Plants). I want to measure a) if there are differences between latitudes (?blocks?) and b) how these differences interact with radiation levels. I am not so interested in the effect of soil type, which I already know, but radiation effects depend on soil type. The model I?m looking for should look something like: Response ~ Block*Radiation | Soil type I have tried to use lme. The basic formulation I have tried is: lme(Resp~Block*Radiation, random=~ 1 | Plot/Radiation, data=morf) but I keep on getting the error message: ?Error in getGroups.data.frame(dataMix, groups) : Invalid formula for groups? I don?t know why this is happening, could it be because ?Radiation? has only two levels? I don't have missing values or any other obvious source of "noise" Since neither lme nor lmer weren?t working, I tried ?aov?. I played around a bit with the "Oats" data set and saw that: aov( yield ~ ordered(nitro) * Variety + Error(Block/Variety), data = Oats) gives the same results as the standard lme( yield ~ ordered(nitro) * Variety, data = Oats, random = ~ 1 | Block/Variety ) So I used the following formulation aov(Resp~Block*Radiation+Error(Plot/Radiation), data=morf) This seems to work fine, but I am not that confident I am using the correct syntax. Any advice and/or guidance would be much appreciated. Thank you in advance. RAFA