Hi, Can anyone tell me the syntax to make AR attributes private so that they can only be set through an object''s constructor? I want do something like this, where item_id and rated_by are private and set only through the constructor: # Schema as of Mon Mar 06 21:22:59 BRT 2006 (schema version 15) # # id :integer(11) not null # item_id :integer(11) default(0), not null # rated_by :integer(11) default(0), not null # created_on :datetime not null # updated_on :datetime not null # class Wow < ActiveRecord::Base belongs_to :item validates_presence_of :item_id, :rated_by def initialize(item, user) super() self.item_id = item.id self.rated_by = user.id end end How do I make item_id and rated_by private and still accessible internally by the constructor? Thanks, Tim Case tim@karmacrash.com