Kevin Cheung
2012-Oct-02 16:40 UTC
[R] Error messages when attempting to calculate polychoric correlation matrices using the psych package
Dear Professor Fox, Apologies for my oversight relating to the polychor command and thank you for your advice. I turned to the polychor command when trying to find an equivalent for the polychoric command found in the psych package (I am following a procedure outlined in Gadermann, Guhn & Zumbo, 2012 that uses this command rather than the polycor package) . The polychoric command is returning an error:> polychoric(data.matrix18)Error in max(x, na.rm = TRUE) - min(x, na.rm = TRUE) : non-numeric argument to binary operator I have now computed a polychoric correlation matrix using your hetcor command and the two-step estimation method (ML returned an error that I have read about in other posts); I didn't have to modify the numeric data. I have framed the output into a matrix using crude copy and paste methods with Excel as I was not able to frame the output values using R. pol.matrix <- structure(list(V1 = c(1, 0.1810841, 0.380326, 0.2882147, 0.3106325, 0.2296951, 0.2055215, 0.262325, 0.6560471, 0.3579354, 0.4106915, 0.4857118, 0.3846493, 0.3773653, 0.3806744, 0.3021153, 0.222256, 0.2136178), V2 = c(0.1810841, 1, 0.4008101, 0.4456874, 0.5201655, 0.2299313, 0.1537878, 0.6107596, 0.1961909, 0.245016, 0.261282, 0.232519, 0.3282176, 0.3853363, 0.3923762, 0.2678565, 0.594987, 0.5488453), V3 = c(0.380326, 0.4008101, 1, 0.5972196, 0.5136961, 0.2760067, 0.2929657, 0.3148125, 0.4218976, 0.4259719, 0.4035297, 0.4345366, 0.5482426, 0.6126576, 0.5080505, 0.3579256, 0.4045489, 0.2919147), V4 = c(0.2882147, 0.4456874, 0.5972196, 1, 0.4262034, 0.2351873, 0.278928, 0.434891, 0.3305545, 0.3283345, 0.2996847, 0.3660209, 0.4479252, 0.4864451, 0.4788135, 0.2796844, 0.3950568, 0.3319467), V5 = c(0.3106325, 0.5201655, 0.5136961, 0.4262034, 1, 0.2102538, 0.3045312, 0.5690656, 0.2422597, 0.3044538, 0.2995296, 0.217496, 0.3671066, 0.421044, 0.4349045, 0.2683132, 0.6243316, 0.551007), V6 = c(0.2296951, 0.2299313, 0.2760067, 0.2351873, 0.2102538, 1, 0.428175, 0.2127635, 0.2863833, 0.3223868, 0.5212511, 0.3909867, 0.3676703, 0.3744179, 0.3025505, 0.7096538, 0.308744, 0.2504025), V7 = c(0.2055215, 0.1537878, 0.2929657, 0.278928, 0.3045312, 0.428175, 1, 0.2071432, 0.2756563, 0.1874141, 0.4163661, 0.3852869, 0.336576, 0.3489307, 0.3197317, 0.5118747, 0.3065872, 0.2786799), V8 = c(0.262325, 0.6107596, 0.3148125, 0.434891, 0.5690656, 0.2127635, 0.2071432, 1, 0.3062833, 0.3587556, 0.2742062, 0.2397737, 0.3471734, 0.3757533, 0.4882055, 0.2490953, 0.7115149, 0.635405), V9 = c(0.6560471, 0.1961909, 0.4218976, 0.3305545, 0.2422597, 0.2863833, 0.2756563, 0.3062833, 1, 0.4575778, 0.433267, 0.6138503, 0.3967928, 0.4067687, 0.4040989, 0.3540081, 0.2188774, 0.2753278), V10 = c(0.3579354, 0.245016, 0.4259719, 0.3283345, 0.3044538, 0.3223868, 0.1874141, 0.3587556, 0.4575778, 1, 0.3523538, 0.4246141, 0.3921508, 0.4832027, 0.4696606, 0.3012235, 0.3051279, 0.2754337), V11 = c(0.4106915, 0.261282, 0.4035297, 0.2996847, 0.2995296, 0.5212511, 0.4163661, 0.2742062, 0.433267, 0.3523538, 1, 0.5791717, 0.4740649, 0.4200025, 0.4236943, 0.6216296, 0.3404673, 0.2766948), V12 = c(0.4857118, 0.232519, 0.4345366, 0.3660209, 0.217496, 0.3909867, 0.3852869, 0.2397737, 0.6138503, 0.4246141, 0.5791717, 1, 0.6038785, 0.5410787, 0.5420467, 0.4370163, 0.2656908, 0.1940703), V13 = c(0.3846493, 0.3282176, 0.5482426, 0.4479252, 0.3671066, 0.3676703, 0.336576, 0.3471734, 0.3967928, 0.3921508, 0.4740649, 0.6038785, 1, 0.6883049, 0.553011, 0.3793382, 0.3710298, 0.3068081), V14 = c(0.3773653, 0.3853363, 0.6126576, 0.4864451, 0.421044, 0.3744179, 0.3489307, 0.3757533, 0.4067687, 0.4832027, 0.4200025, 0.5410787, 0.6883049, 1, 0.6113808, 0.3660114, 0.3863373, 0.3410903), V15 = c(0.3806744, 0.3923762, 0.5080505, 0.4788135, 0.4349045, 0.3025505, 0.3197317, 0.4882055, 0.4040989, 0.4696606, 0.4236943, 0.5420467, 0.553011, 0.6113808, 1, 0.407302, 0.5054361, 0.4577031), V16 = c(0.3021153, 0.2678565, 0.3579256, 0.2796844, 0.2683132, 0.7096538, 0.5118747, 0.2490953, 0.3540081, 0.3012235, 0.6216296, 0.4370163, 0.3793382, 0.3660114, 0.407302, 1, 0.3743952, 0.3585206), V17 = c(0.222256, 0.594987, 0.4045489, 0.3950568, 0.6243316, 0.308744, 0.3065872, 0.7115149, 0.2188774, 0.3051279, 0.3404673, 0.2656908, 0.3710298, 0.3863373, 0.5054361, 0.3743952, 1, 0.7651242), V18 = c(0.2136178, 0.5488453, 0.2919147, 0.3319467, 0.551007, 0.2504025, 0.2786799, 0.635405, 0.2753278, 0.2754337, 0.2766948, 0.1940703, 0.3068081, 0.3410903, 0.4577031, 0.3585206, 0.7651242, 1)), .Names = c("V1", "V2", "V3", "V4", "V5", "V6", "V7", "V8", "V9", "V10", "V11", "V12", "V13", "V14", "V15", "V16", "V17", "V18"), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA, -18L)) I have then used this matrix with the alpha command in psych:> alpha(pol.matrix)Reliability analysis Call: alpha(x = pol.matrix) raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.39 Reliability if an item is dropped: raw_alpha std.alpha G6(smc) average_r V1 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.39 V2 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.39 V3 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.38 V4 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.39 V5 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.39 V6 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.39 V7 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.40 V8 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.39 V9 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.39 V10 0.92 0.92 0.94 0.39 V11 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.38 V12 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.38 V13 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.38 V14 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.38 V15 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.38 V16 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.39 V17 0.91 0.91 0.93 0.38 V18 0.91 0.91 0.94 0.39 This has calculated the alpha using the entries in the matrix as score values. I am trying to get the alpha command in psych to treat the matrix in the same way that it would treat output from the polychoric command in the psych command. Once again I am very sorry for my ignorance when using R, but I am struggling to get why my data is producing error messages. I am wondering if it is because my data is on a six-point Likert and this is too many ordered steps for the polychoric function in psych. Kind regards, Kevin Kevin Yet Fong Cheung, Bsc., MRes., MBPsS. Postgraduate Researcher Centre for Psychological Research University of Derby Kedleston Road Derby DE22 1GB k.cheung at derby.ac.uk<mailto:k.cheung at derby.ac.uk> 01332592081 -----Original Message----- From: John Fox [mailto:jfox at mcmaster.ca] Sent: 01 October 2012 23:47 To: Kevin Cheung Cc: r-help at r-project.org Subject: RE: [R] Error messages when attempting to calculate polychoric correlation matrices Dear Kevin,>From ?polychor (in the polycor package):"polychor(x, y, ML = FALSE, control = list(), std.err = FALSE, maxcor=.9999) Arguments x a contingency table of counts or an ordered categorical variable; the latter can be numeric, logical, a factor, or an ordered factor, but if a factor, its levels should be in proper order. y if x is a variable, a second ordered categorical variable." So polychor doesn't take a data frame as its argument, and computes only one polychoric correlation at a time. (It generally helps in R, and even more generally, to read the documentation.) Thus, e.g.,> with(data.matrix18, polychor(SABAS02, SABAS06))[1] 0.1811532> with(data.matrix18, polychor(SABAS02, SABAS06, ML=TRUE))[1] 0.1817071 If you want to compute a matrix of polychoric correlations using the polycor package, then you can use the hetcor function -- see ?hetcor -- but you'll then have to change your variables from numeric to factors or ordered factors, or hetcor will compute Pearson pairwise correlations among them. You could use, for example for (j in 1:ncol(data.matrix18)) data.matrix18[, j] <- as.factor(data.matrix18[, j]) I hope this helps, John ----------------------------------------------- John Fox Senator McMaster Professor of Social Statistics Department of Sociology McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario, Canada> -----Original Message----- > From: r-help-bounces at r-project.org > [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] > On Behalf Of Kevin Cheung > Sent: Monday, October 01, 2012 12:19 PM > To: 'r-help at r-project.org' > Subject: [R] Error messages when attempting to calculate polychoric > correlation matrices > > Dear R users, > > I am a psychology postgraduate student who is relatively new to using R. > I am currently developing a psychometric scale and have run into a few > problems when using R to calculate a polychoric correlation matrix for > my dataset. I am trying to produce a polychoric correlation matrix for > calculating ordinal reliability estimates (eg. Alpha, omega).The set > consists of 439 observations of 18 variables. Each of the 18 variables > was measured using a 6 point Likert scale but some variables only > feature responses across 5 ordinal steps because there were no > observed responses for one extreme of the item. The dataset has no > missing data following multiple imputation and preliminary analyses > were conducted using SPSS. I have included a command that will > reproduce the dataset below, apologies for the size of the command: > > data.matrix18 <- > structure(list(SABAS02 = structure(c(6, 2, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 3, 5, 1, 4, > 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5, 2, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 2, 5, > 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 3, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, > 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, > 6, 5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 2, 6, 5, 4, 6, 2, 5, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, > 3, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, > 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 2, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 2, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 3, 3, 2, > 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 2, 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 3, 5, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, > 4, 3, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 2, 5, 5, 4, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 2, > 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 4, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 4, > 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, > 4, 5, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 2, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, > 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 4, 4, 6, 2, 6, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, > 3, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 2, 5, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS06 = structure(c(6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 3, 6, > 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 3, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, > 6, 6, 3, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, > 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 3, 5, > 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, > 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 2, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, > 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, > 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 2, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, > 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, > 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 5, 6, 6, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 2, 5, 6, 5, 6, > 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS09 = structure(c(5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 2, 5, 1, 4, > 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, > 5, 5, 2, 2, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 3, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 1, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, > 5, 2, 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 2, 5, 3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 2, > 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 6, 4, 5, > 5, 2, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, > 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 2, 5, 3, 4, 4, 3, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, > 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 3, > 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, > 5, 5, 2, 4, 6, 6, 6, 4, 3, 3, 5, 4, 6, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 6, 5, 3, 4, 5, > 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 2, 5, 2, 3, 2, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, > 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 6, 1, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 2, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 1, 4, 4, 3, 2, 6, 5, 2, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, > 3, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 3, 5, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS10 = structure(c(6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1, 4, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 2, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, > 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 2, 2, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 3, 3, 6, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 3, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, > 6, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 1, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, > 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 3, 4, 2, 4, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, > 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 3, 1, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, > 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 2, 5, > 5, 2, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 1, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 4, > 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, > 1, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, > 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, > 6, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, > 5, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, 6, 3, 4, 4, 5, 1, 3, 3, > 2, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, > 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 3, 2, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 3, 1, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, > 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS12 = structure(c(6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, > 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, > 5, 6, 3, 6, 6, 6, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, > 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 2, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 2, 5, > 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, > 6, 3, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, > 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, > 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, > 4, 4, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 4, 5, > 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, > 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, > 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, > 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS18 = structure(c(5, 3, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 1, 5, > 3, 5, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 4, 2, 6, 6, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 1, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, > 2, 5, 5, 3, 4, 1, 6, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 6, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, > 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 2, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 3, 5, 3, 5, 4, 3, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 3, 6, 5, 4, 5, 1, 5, > 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6, 4, 2, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 2, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2, 5, 4, 3, 5, 3, > 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 4, 6, 3, 4, > 5, 1, 4, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, > 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 2, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, > 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 3, 6, 6, 5, 3, > 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 1, 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 5, 2, > 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 2, 6, 5, 3, 3, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 3, 4, 2, > 5, 3, 1, 5, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 6, 1, 6, 5, 6, 1, 4, 6, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 2, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 3, > 5, 2, 4, 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 2, 5, > 1, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 1, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 1, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 2, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, > 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 3, 6, 5, 5, 3, 6, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS26 = structure(c(4, 2, 6, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 1, 2, > 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 3, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 4, > 1, 4, 3, 2, 2, 5, 3, 4, 2, 2, 2, 5, 3, 4, 5, 3, 3, 4, 6, 4, 3, 2, 3, > 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 2, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 2, 4, 4, 4, 6, 2, 2, 3, > 4, 4, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 2, 5, 2, 4, 1, 6, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 1, 4, > 4, 4, 4, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 2, 2, > 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 2, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 5, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2, > 4, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 2, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 2, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, > 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 2, 1, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 3, 5, 2, 4, > 4, 1, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 4, > 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 2, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, > 1, 3, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 6, 3, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3, > 3, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 2, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, > 4, 4, 3, 1, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, > 3, 1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 2, 1, 2, 5, 4, 1, 4, 4, 3, > 5, 4, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 4, 6, 2, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 1, 5, 3, 3, > 3, 2, 4, 6, 5, 5, 2, 3, 5, 3, 5, 4, 3, 1, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 6, 4, > 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 2, 5, 6, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 1, 4, 4, > 4, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 2, 4, > 5, 3, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 2, 6, 4), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS27 = structure(c(6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 3, 6, > 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 1, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, > 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, > 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 1, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, > 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 6, 4, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, > 3, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, > 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, > 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, > 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, > 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS33 = structure(c(6, 2, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3, > 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 4, 6, 4, 2, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, > 5, 4, 2, 5, 5, 2, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, > 6, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 1, 4, > 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 1, 5, 5, 6, 5, 3, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 3, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 2, > 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 2, 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, 4, 6, > 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, > 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 3, > 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 3, 6, 3, 5, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 3, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 1, 4, > 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 4, 3, > 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, > 6, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 2, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, > 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 6, 4, 2, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 2, 5, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS34 = structure(c(3, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 6, 5, 5, 5, > 6, 5, 3, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, > 6, 3, 4, 4, 5, 2, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, > 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 1, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 2, 4, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 2, 5, > 6, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, > 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, > 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 3, 4, 6, 5, > 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 2, 4, > 5, 6, 6, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, > 6, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, > 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 2, 6, 5, 4, 5, > 3, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS35 = structure(c(6, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 1, 5, > 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, > 4, 5, 3, 6, 6, 4, 6, 4, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, > 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 3, 4, 5, > 4, 5, 2, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 1, 4, > 6, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4, 6, 3, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2, 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, 6, 4, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, > 6, 1, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, > 4, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 4, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, > 6, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, > 5, 2, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 3, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, > 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, > 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 3, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 4, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 6, 6, 3, 5, 6), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS36 = structure(c(6, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 1, 4, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 2, 3, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, > 4, 4, 3, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 3, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 5, 3, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 1, 4, > 4, 2, 4, 6, 3, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 2, 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, > 5, 5, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4, 3, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, 6, 6, 5, 3, 5, 5, 2, 5, 4, 5, 4, 2, 5, 4, 4, 5, 2, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 2, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, > 6, 2, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 2, 6, > 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 4, 4, 3, 2, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, > 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 6, 3, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, > 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 3, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, > 5, 6, 2, 4, 3, 6, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, > 6, 5, 3, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, > 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 2, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 6, 3, 4, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS37 = structure(c(6, 4, 5, 4, 2, 6, 4, 2, 5, 1, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 3, 4, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 2, 4, > 1, 4, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 2, 6, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 3, 5, 6, > 6, 4, 4, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 6, 4, 3, 3, 4, > 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 1, 3, > 5, 4, 3, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 1, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, > 4, 5, 3, 4, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 3, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 2, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 2, > 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 1, 4, > 6, 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 3, 5, > 4, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, > 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 3, 5, 6, 5, 3, > 4, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, > 6, 5, 1, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 2, 2, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 5, 3, > 4, 5, 1, 3, 3, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 3, 5, 1, 5, 2, > 4, 5, 1, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 2, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, > 3, 1, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 3, 3, 3, 1, 4, 2, 6, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 4, 6, 6, 4, 1, 2, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, > 4, 6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 5, 2, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS38 = structure(c(6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 4, 2, 5, 1, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, > 3, 6, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 6, 3, 6, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, > 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 3, 4, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, > 6, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 1, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, > 4, 6, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6, 3, 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, > 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 2, > 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, > 6, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, > 3, 3, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, > 1, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 5, 3, > 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 3, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 3, 4, 6, 5, 3, 5, 4, > 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 2, 5, 4, 4, 4, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 1, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, > 6, 1, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, > 3, 5, 5, 5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 5, 3, 1, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, > 6, 6, 5, 5, 1, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, > 3, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 1, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS40 = structure(c(6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 1, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 4, 2, 6, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, > 4, 5, 2, 5, 5, 4, 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, > 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 2, 4, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 3, 2, 4, > 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 3, 4, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 1, 3, 5, 5, 4, 4, > 5, 6, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, > 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 3, 5, > 6, 5, 2, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 3, 6, > 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 2, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, > 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 6, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, > 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 4, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, > 4, 5, 3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 1, 6, 4, 4, 3, > 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, > 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 1, 3, 5, 6, 5, 4, > 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 3, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS41 = structure(c(5, 3, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 1, 4, > 3, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6, 3, 5, 3, 4, 4, 2, 4, 3, 5, 5, 4, 3, > 1, 5, 3, 4, 5, 3, 6, 4, 2, 4, 6, 5, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 6, 5, 3, 5, 4, > 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 4, 4, 2, 6, 3, 3, 5, 3, 6, 3, 4, 5, > 5, 5, 3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 1, 4, > 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 1, 4, 4, 4, 5, 4, > 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 3, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 2, > 5, 3, 3, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 5, 3, > 4, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, > 5, 1, 1, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2, 4, 6, > 3, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 3, 2, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 3, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, > 5, 4, 3, 4, 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 6, 3, 6, 6, 5, 3, > 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 3, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, 1, 5, 5, 2, 4, > 6, 4, 4, 2, 5, 4, 6, 5, 3, 3, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 3, 6, 5, 3, 4, 4, > 5, 2, 1, 4, 3, 6, 4, 3, 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 6, 3, 4, 1, 5, 4, 6, 4, 3, 5, > 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 2, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, > 6, 2, 4, 6, 4, 4, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 1, 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, > 2, 5, 3, 5, 4, 4, 2, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, 5, 4, 2, 3, 5, 1, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 2, 6, 3, 2, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, > 4, 2, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 3, 5, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS43 = structure(c(6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, > 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 1, 3, 3, 5, 4, 5, 5, > 5, 5, 4, 6, 3, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, > 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 6, 3, 2, 4, > 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, > 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, > 5, 4, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4, 6, 4, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, > 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 3, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 6, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 6, > 4, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 5, 4, 3, 5, 5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, > 2, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, > 6, 5, 3, 2, 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 5, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, > 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 4, 4, > 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 5, 4, 6, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 2, 3, 5, 4, 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 3, 5, 6, 5, 6, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 4, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 3, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, > 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 3, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree"))), SABAS47 = structure(c(6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 6, > 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 4, 4, 5, 5, 5, 1, 5, 4, 4, 4, 3, 6, > 5, 5, 2, 6, 3, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 3, 5, 6, > 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 3, 6, 4, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 4, > 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, > 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, > 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, > 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, > 6, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 4, 6, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 6, 5, 4, 6, > 4, 4, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 3, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, > 3, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 4, 5, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 6, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 4, 5, > 6, 5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 4, 3, > 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 4, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 5, 6, 4, 6, 6, 4, 3, > 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 4, 5, 4, 4, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 6, 5, > 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 4, 2, 3, 5, 5, 3, 5, 6, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 3, 5, 6, 5, 6, > 5, 6, 6, 6, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5, 3, 5, 4, 6, 6, 4, 6, 4, 5, > 5, 6, 5, 5, 6, 5, 5, 2, 6, 6, 6, 5, 5, 5), value.labels > structure(c(6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1), .Names = c("Strongly Agree", "Agree", > "Slightly Agree", "Slightly Disagree", "Disagree", "Strongly > Disagree")))), .Names = c("SABAS02", "SABAS06", "SABAS09", "SABAS10", > "SABAS12", "SABAS18", "SABAS26", "SABAS27", "SABAS33", "SABAS34", > "SABAS35", "SABAS36", "SABAS37", "SABAS38", "SABAS40", "SABAS41", > "SABAS43", "SABAS47"), row.names = c(NA, -439L), class = "data.frame", > codepage = 1252L) > > > I have attempted to use the polychoric command from the psych package > (Revelle, 2005) > > > polychoric(data.matrix18) > > which returns the following error message at 20%: "Error in tab * > log(P) > : non-conformable arrays". > > > > I have also used the polychor command from the polycor package (Fox, > 2010), > > polychor(data.matrix18, ML=TRUE) > > which returns the error message: "Error in checkmvArgs(lower = lower, > upper = upper, mean = mean, corr = corr, : > > at least one element of 'lower' is larger than 'upper'" > > > > When using the two step estimation method, R has output a single > coefficient rather than a correlation matrix, this could be due to a > misunderstanding of the command on my part. > > > polychor(data.matrix18, ML=FALSE) > > [1] -0.0002762387 > > > In addition, I have used the dataset with the random.polchor.pa > package (Presaghi & Desimoni, 2011) to conduct parallel analysis with > randomly generated polychoric correlation matrices and this was > successful. I conducted these analyses on a larger dataset with 33 > variables and also with the 18 variable version. > Any advice about how I can calculate a polychorric correlation matrix > from this dataset and use it to look at ordinal reliability estimates > would be much appreciated. I have one other query that does not relate > to R specifically but is likely to be a subject familiar to someone > reading this post. I have recently read a number of technical papers > relating to the use of different reliability estimates in scale > development (Sjimtsa, 2009; Cronbach & Shavelson, 2004; Revelle & > Zinbarg, 2009; Gadermann, Guhn & Zumbo, 2012). These have been helpful > for me, but I am wondering if there are any less technical articles > that advise on which estimates to report from an applied research > context. I don't fully understand the mathematical subtleties of each > statistic and am hoping that someone from an applied psychology > background would be able to point me in the right direction. > > > References > Cronbach, L. J., & Shavelson, R. J. (2004). My current thoughts on > coefficientalpha and successor procedures. Educational and > Psychological Measurement, 64, 391-418. doi:10.1177/0013164404266386 > > Gadermann, A. J., Guhn, M., & Zumbo, B.D. (2012). Estimating ordinal > reliability for Likert-type and ordinal item response data: A > conceptual, empirical, and practical guide. Practical Assessment, > Research & Evaluation, 17(3), 1-13. > > Revelle, W., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2009). Coefficients alpha, beta, omega, > and the glb: Comments on Sijtsma. Psychometrika, 74, 145-154. doi: > 10.1007/s11336-008-9102-z > > Sijtsma, K. (2009). On the use, the misuse, and the very limited > usefulness of Cronbach's alpha. Psychometrika, 74, 107-120. doi: > 10.1007/s11336-008-9101-0 > > > With regards, > > Kevin > > Kevin Yet Fong Cheung, Bsc., MRes., MBPsS. > Postgraduate Researcher > Centre for Psychological Research > University of Derby > Kedleston Road > Derby DE22 1GB > k.cheung at derby.ac.uk<mailto:k.cheung at derby.ac.uk<mailto:k.cheung at derby > .a > c.uk%3cmailto:k.cheung at derby.ac.uk>> > 01332592081 > > > _____________________________________________________________________ > The University of Derby has a published policy regarding email and > reserves the right to monitor email traffic. If you believe this email > was sent to you in error, please notify the sender and delete this > email. Please direct any concerns to Infosec at derby.ac.uk. > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting- > guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, > reproducible code._____________________________________________________________________ The University of Derby has a published policy regarding email and reserves the right to monitor email traffic. If you believe this email was sent to you in error, please notify the sender and delete this email. Please direct any concerns to Infosec at derby.ac.uk.
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Wisdom of the Ancients
