There are instances when assignment should be indicated by "<-" rather than "=". One example is the function Sys.time(). sytem.time( x=1:10000) # x is interpreted as an argument and is an error here. system.time( x<-1:1000) # times the creation of x with numbers 1 to 10000 However, grouping the statement with curly brackets also gives the correct system time. system.time( { x=1:10000} ) # times the statement correctly Having fun with R, Giles Crane