Sorry for posting a possibly stupid question. I am using aov() for calculating ANOVA as follows: summary(aov(depVar~factor1*factor2+Error(subject/(factor1+factor2)), data=anovaAllData)) and usually all works fine. How exactly the call has to look if I want to use lm() directly to obtain the same results. The problem is that due to several reasons I am missing single data points such that I end up with an unbalanced design. From earlier posting I learned that lm() is the way to go in such cases. However, I do not know how exactly the formula including the error term has to look like for lm(). Hope that made sense, Thanks in advance, Jan