I want to compute a new variable (newvar) based on the values of two other variables (t1freq, t2freq).The two variables (t1freq,t2freq) are contained in a dataframe - study1dat <- read.csv("c:\\study1rb.csv",header=T) . I gather this computation can be done using Apply and I have run the following example from the help menu ## Compute row and column sums for a matrix: x <- cbind(x1 = 3, x2 = c(4:1, 2:5)) dimnames(x)[[1]] <- letters[1:8] apply(x, 2, mean, trim = .2) col.sums <- apply(x, 2, sum) row.sums <- apply(x, 1, sum) rbind(cbind(x, Rtot = row.sums), Ctot = c(col.sums, sum(col.sums))) My questions are: 1. I don't understand what values I would need to enter for my 2 variables (data is included at end of this message) in the 'cbind' command 2. For the second row, what modification is required? 3. If I wanted to compute a mean, I believe the 'mean' is substituted for sum - if so, in the case where there is only one value, is it possible to obtain this as the mean rather than obtaining an NA? 4. How do I save 'newvar' into the original datafile? Any assistance with this enquiry is appreciated, Bob id t1freq t2freq 1 4 6 2 3 3 3 7 5 4 0 2 5 1 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 4 9 7 7 10 5 4 11 3 6 12 1 3 13 7 7 14 7 7 15 1 3 16 7 7 17 2 1 18 7 7 19 7 6 20 3 4 21 7 7 22 7 6 23 3 0 24 7 6 25 7 6 26 5 6 27 7 7 28 7 7 29 5 7 30 7 2 31 5 6 32 5 7 33 7 7 34 7 7 35 7 7 36 7 7 37 6 5 38 4 4 39 4 6 40 7 7 41 3 3 42 4 4 43 7 7 44 7 7 45 7 1 46 2 2 47 4 2 48 1 1 49 4 4 50 0 0 51 7 7 52 7 2 53 4 7 54 0 NA 55 5 4 56 0 0 57 5 5 58 5 6 59 7 7 60 5 4 61 1 4 62 6 7 63 4 5 64 6 7 65 5 4 66 1 0 67 7 7 68 5 3 69 7 7 70 4 7 71 3 7 72 7 7 73 4 2 74 4 6 75 7 5 76 0 0 77 7 6 78 3 3 79 7 7 80 2 4 81 4 1 82 1 4 83 4 2 84 2 1 85 5 0 86 1 3 87 0 0 88 7 7 89 3 1 90 6 6 91 2 1 92 4 3