Since you do not provide your hardware infos, I can only estimate this :
1- If you have Intel or ATI/AMD graphic card, it's over, Intel cards are not
real "3D" cards (from my point of view) and ATI/AMD Linux driver is
simply horrible
2- Your configuration simply do not match minimum requirements to ply this game.
3- You did not used lastest wine (unstlable) which is nealy mandatory with Steam
(god I hate this crap) and did not followed AppDB test's instructions for
this game.
If you want an easy way, try PlayOnLinux, Portal 2 is perfectly playable for me
with it, solo and co-op. (http://www.playonlinux.com)
If you absolutely want to use only wine, follow AppDB entry for this game, all
is explained.
Good luck 8)