Hello All
I want to convert a scatter plot to a continuous contour plot. I have
"x" as a variable and "y" as another variable.
is there any package for this?
can anybody halp me?
Thanks
--------------------------------------------
On Sun, 2/23/14, r-help-request at r-project.org <r-help-request at
r-project.org> wrote:
Subject: R-help Digest, Vol 132, Issue 23
To: r-help at r-project.org
Date: Sunday, February 23, 2014, 3:00 AM
Send R-help mailing list submissions
to
??? r-help at r-project.org
To subscribe or unsubscribe via the World Wide Web, visit
??? https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
or, via email, send a message with subject or body 'help'
to
??? r-help-request at r-project.org
You can reach the person managing the list at
??? r-help-owner at r-project.org
When replying, please edit your Subject line so it is more
specific
than "Re: Contents of R-help digest..."
Today's Topics:
???1. Math symbols in ggplot facets (Lars
Bishop)
???2. Re: dependent column(s) in data frame
(PQuery)
???3. Exposures in bernoulli glm() (Marco
Inacio)
???4. Learn R in a Day - new ebook (Steve
Murray)
???5. Hi everybody, your help would be very
[[elided Yahoo spam]]
? ? ? (varin sacha)
???6. hist: argument '...' is not made use of
(Jennifer Lyon)
???7. create video? (Spencer Graves)
???8. Re: how to plot a logarithmic
regression line (arun)
???9. Re: dependent column(s) in data frame
(David Winsemius)
? 10. Re: how to plot a logarithmic regression line
(David Winsemius)
? 11. Re: Math symbols in ggplot facets (Dennis
Murphy)
? 12. equivalent of $\check Y$ in plotmath (Ranjan
Maitra)
? 13. seeking alternative method to copy a large
section of my R
? ? ? program (Julie Royster)
? 14. Re: seeking alternative method to copy a large
section of my
? ? ? R??? program (Jeff
Newmiller)
? 15. Re: seeking alternative method to copy a large
section of my
? ? ? R??? program (David
Winsemius)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Message: 1
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 12:24:13 +0100
From: Lars Bishop <lars52r at gmail.com>
To: "r-help at r-project.org"
<r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: [R] Math symbols in ggplot facets
Message-ID:
??? <CAO7OmOiLa2Obmgz3MtQCsgV8QZHGhr52WkUeQwq7qohNbp7AcA at
mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
Hello,
I would like to show in my facet labels the equivalent in
LaTex of
$\sigma_{0}= \sqrt{2}$. I think I'm close below, but not yet
as it shows
$(\sigma_{0}, \sqrt{2})$
m <- mpg
levels(m$drv) <- c("sigma[0]=sqrt(2)", "sigma[0]=2 *
sqrt(2)", "sigma[0]= 3
* sqrt(2)")
ggplot(m, aes(x = displ, y = cty)) + geom_point() +
? facet_grid(. ~ drv, labeller = label_parsed)
Thanks,
Lars.
??? [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
------------------------------
Message: 2
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 04:28:03 -0800 (PST)
From: PQuery <pierre.khoueiry at embl.de>
To: r-help at r-project.org
Subject: Re: [R] dependent column(s) in data frame
Message-ID: <1393072083649-4685684.post at n4.nabble.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
Many thanks David,
I will have a look on logistic regression for my case.
Do you know about a good example regarding logistic
regression ?
I was thinking also of using Multiple Factor Analysis too
(MFA - like in
FactoMineR). However I am not sure how successful this is
going to be.
Best,
P.
--
View this message in context:
http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/dependent-column-s-in-data-frame-tp4685561p4685684.html
Sent from the R help mailing list archive at Nabble.com.
------------------------------
Message: 3
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 11:29:56 -0300
From: Marco Inacio <marcoigarapava at gmail.com>
To: R help <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: [R] Exposures in bernoulli glm()
Message-ID: <5308B464.7010305 at gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed
Hi, is it possible to add exposures to a glm with
family=binomial()?
It's easy to do it for a Poisson/negative binomial: just
multiply the
mean by the exposure, that is, offset(log(exposure)): but
this obviously
wrong for a binomial/Bernoulli since the mean must be no
bigger than 1.
My goal was do it it with pscl::zeroinfl and pscl::hurdle,
but answering
for binomial/Bernoulli would already help.
------------------------------
Message: 4
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 15:48:44 +0000
From: Steve Murray <smurray444 at hotmail.com>
To: "r-help at r-project.org"
<r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: [R] Learn R in a Day - new ebook
Message-ID: <DUB115-W46569916EEC0D272530CBD88840 at phx.gbl>
Content-Type: text/plain
Dear all,
I'd like to make you aware of my new ebook - Learn R in a
Day - which
provides the reader with key programming skills through an
examples-oriented
approach and is ideally suited for academics, scientists,
mathematicians and
engineers.
Amazon.com:
http://www.amazon.com/Learn-R-Day-Steven-Murray-ebook/dp/B00GC2LKOK/ref=sr_1_1?s=digital-text&ie=UTF8&qid=1393005750&sr=1-1&keywords=learn+r+in+a+day
Amazon UK:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Learn-R-Day-Steven-Murray-ebook/dp/B00GC2LKOK
The book assumes no prior knowledge of computer programming
and
progressively covers all the essential steps needed to
become confident and
proficient in using R within a day. Topics include how to
input, manipulate,
format, iterate (loop), query, perform basic statistics on,
and plot data,
via a step-by-step technique and demonstrations using
in-built datasets
which the reader is encouraged to replicate on their
computer. Each chapter
also includes exercises (with solutions) to practice key
skills and empower
the reader to build on the essentials gained during this
introductory
course.
Steve Murray
? ???
????????
?????? ???
?
??? [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
------------------------------
Message: 5
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 16:14:01 +0000 (GMT)
From: varin sacha <varinsacha at yahoo.fr>
To: "r-help at r-project.org"
<r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: [R] Hi everybody, your help would be very
appreciate, thanks
??? !
Message-ID:
??? <1393085641.78161.YahooMailNeo at web171304.mail.ir2.yahoo.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
Hi everybody,
I have realized a multiple linear regression.?
To know how well my model does in terms of prediction, I can
compute prediction intervals bands and decide if they are
narrow enough to be of use. If they are too wide, then they
probably are not useful.
Using R, I have written these R codes.
LinearModel.1 <- lm(GDP.per.head ~ Competitivness.score +
Quality.score,?
? data=Dataset)
summary(LinearModel.1)
predict(LinearModel.1, se.fit = FALSE, scale = NULL, df Inf,interval =
c("none", "confidence", "prediction"),level 0.95,
type = c("response", "terms"),terms = NULL)
Now, I am trying to draw?one graph / plot,?where I can
have?the straight regression line?and?the prediction
interval bands?in?the same graph / plot to see if the
bands are narrow enough to be of use.
Could you please help me with my R codes ?
Thanks for your precious help,
??? [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
------------------------------
Message: 6
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 12:06:06 -0700
From: Jennifer Lyon <jennifer.s.lyon at gmail.com>
To: r-help at r-project.org
Subject: [R] hist: argument '...' is not made use of
Message-ID:
???
<CAKstpn6+BPbx=5GQm3BvsUW9SsosF3TH0qw9CNgdzspgMa=X2g at mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
Hi:
When converting some code to use plot = F in a call to
hist(), I received
the following warning (with a much simplified example).
moo<-1:10
hist(moo, las=1, plot=F)
Warning message:
In hist.default(moo, las = 1, plot = F) : argument '...' is
not made use of
>From the help page, I was able to figure out that it was
the las=1
argument, which is not needed with plot = F that was my
issue. My question
is whether this was the intended warning (instead of
mentioning las = 1
explicitly, which might be hard to implement) and if so if
there might be
some more direct way to figure out what was wrong from say
args(hist),
since I initially thought I'd in some way unintentionally
passed ... as an
argument?
sessionInfo()
R version 3.0.2 (2013-09-25)
Platform: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu (64-bit)
locale:
[1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8? ?
???LC_NUMERIC=C
[3] LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8? ? ? ?
LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8
[5] LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8? ?
LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8
[7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8? ?
???LC_NAME=C
[9] LC_ADDRESS=C? ? ? ? ? ?
???LC_TELEPHONE=C
[11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C
attached base packages:
[1] stats? ???graphics? grDevices
utils? ???datasets?
methods???base
Thanks!
Jen
??? [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
------------------------------
Message: 7
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 11:25:03 -0800
From: Spencer Graves <spencer.graves at structuremonitoring.com>
To: R list <R-help at r-project.org>
Subject: [R] create video?
Message-ID: <5308F98F.6050601 at structuremonitoring.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed
Hello:
? ? ???Might someone have
experience with video production?? The
"animation" package in R can produce video clips.?
These could
presumably be merged and synced with audio using something
like
Avidemux.? I have not done this, but it looks like it
might be a
relatively easy way for an R user to create a video from
audio and slides.
? ? ???I'd like something that
would give me more control than
screencasting.? For this, I'm thinking of recording the
audio, then
measuring each phrase with something like Audacity.?
I'd then use that
with R and Avidemux as outlined above.
? ? ???Can anyone suggest something
different or provide details on ways
to make this easy?
? ? ???Thanks,
? ? ???Spencer Graves
------------------------------
Message: 8
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 13:06:52 -0800 (PST)
To: "R. Help" <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: Re: [R] how to plot a logarithmic regression line
Message-ID:
??? <1393103212.42547.YahooMailNeo at web142603.mail.bf1.yahoo.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
HI,
Try ?curve
fit <- lm(Mean_Percent_of_Range~log(No.ofPoints))
?coef(fit)
?# ?? (Intercept) log(No.ofPoints)
? # ??? -74.52645???????? 46.14392
?plot(Mean_Percent_of_Range ~ No.ofPoints)
curve(coef(fit)[[1]]+coef(fit)[[2]]*log(x),add=TRUE,col=2)
A.K.
I realize this is a stupid question, and I have honestly
tried to find
the answer online, but nothing I have tried has worked. I
have two
vectors of data:
"Mean_percent_of_range"
10.90000 ?17.50000 ?21.86667 ?25.00000 ?25.40000 ?26.76667
?29.53333
?32.36667 ?43.13333 ?41.80000 50.56667 ?49.26667 ?50.36667
?51.93333
?59.70000 ?63.96667 ?62.53333 ?60.80000 ?64.23333 ?66.00000
74.03333
?70.40000 ?77.06667 ?76.46667 ?78.13333 ?89.46667 ?88.90000
?90.03333
?91.60000 ?94.30000 95.50000 ?96.20000 ?96.50000 ?91.40000
?98.20000
?96.60000 ?97.40000 ?99.00000 100.00000
and
"No.ofPoints"
5 ?6 ?7 ?8 ?9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
39 40 41 42 43
When I plot these, I get a logarithmic curve (as I should
for this type of data)
> plot(Mean_Percent_of_Range ~ No.ofPoints)
All that I want to do is plot best fit regression line for
that
curve. From what I have read online, it seems like the code
to do that
should be
> abline(lm(log(Mean_Percent_of_Range) ~
log(No.ofPoints)))
but that gives me a straight line that isn't even close to
fitting the data
How do I plot the line and get the equation of that line and
a correlation coefficient?
Thanks
------------------------------
Message: 9
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 13:17:11 -0800
From: David Winsemius <dwinsemius at comcast.net>
To: PQuery <pierre.khoueiry at embl.de>
Cc: r-help at r-project.org
Subject: Re: [R] dependent column(s) in data frame
Message-ID: <7F4E15EB-C7C8-4B29-9F7B-84E71B05A49C at comcast.net>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
On Feb 22, 2014, at 4:28 AM, PQuery wrote:
> Many thanks David,
>
> I will have a look on logistic regression for my case.
> Do you know about a good example regarding logistic
regression ?
> I was thinking also of using Multiple Factor Analysis
too (MFA - like in
> FactoMineR). However I am not sure how successful this
is going to be.
Your data (exclusively 0/1 values) did not look like it
would be suitable for factor analysis. Perhaps you mean to
use that package's correspondence analysis methods?
--
David Winsemius
Alameda, CA, USA
------------------------------
Message: 10
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 16:57:31 -0800
From: David Winsemius <dwinsemius at comcast.net>
Cc: "R. Help" <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: Re: [R] how to plot a logarithmic regression line
Message-ID: <40376E77-6E00-4D16-B568-3FB8AE9B53B3 at comcast.net>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252
On Feb 22, 2014, at 1:06 PM, arun wrote:
> HI,
> Try ?curve
>
> fit <- lm(Mean_Percent_of_Range~log(No.ofPoints))
>? coef(fit)
>? #? ? (Intercept) log(No.ofPoints)
>???#?
???-74.52645? ? ?
???46.14392
>
>
>
>? plot(Mean_Percent_of_Range ~ No.ofPoints)
>
curve(coef(fit)[[1]]+coef(fit)[[2]]*log(x),add=TRUE,col=2)
>
>
> A.K.
>
>
>
> I realize this is a stupid question, and I have
honestly tried to find
> the answer online, but nothing I have tried has worked.
I have two
> vectors of data:
>
> "Mean_percent_of_range"
> 10.90000? 17.50000? 21.86667?
25.00000? 25.40000? 26.76667? 29.53333
>? 32.36667? 43.13333? 41.80000
50.56667? 49.26667? 50.36667? 51.93333
>? 59.70000? 63.96667? 62.53333?
60.80000? 64.23333? 66.00000 74.03333
>? 70.40000? 77.06667? 76.46667?
78.13333? 89.46667? 88.90000? 90.03333
>? 91.60000? 94.30000 95.50000?
96.20000? 96.50000? 91.40000? 98.20000
>? 96.60000? 97.40000? 99.00000 100.00000
>
> and
> "No.ofPoints"
> 5? 6? 7? 8? 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38
> 39 40 41 42 43
>
> When I plot these, I get a logarithmic curve (as I
should for this type of data)
>> plot(Mean_Percent_of_Range ~ No.ofPoints)
>
> All that I want to do is plot best fit regression line
for that
> curve. From what I have read online, it seems like the
code to do that
> should be
>> abline(lm(log(Mean_Percent_of_Range) ~
log(No.ofPoints)))
> but that gives me a straight line that isn't even close
to fitting the data
>
> How do I plot the line and get the equation of that
line and a correlation coefficient?
The 'abline' function is not what you want. Use 'lines' to
plot multiple points.
Perhaps:
mod <- lm(log(Mean_percent_of_range) ~ log(No.ofPoints))
plot(log(Mean_percent_of_range), log(No.ofPoints))
lines( log(No.ofPoints), predict(mod))
#------------
> summary(mod)
Call:
lm(formula = log(Mean_percent_of_range) ~ log(No.ofPoints))
Residuals:
? ???Min? ?
???1Q???Median? ?
???3Q? ? ? Max
-0.32617 -0.04839? 0.00962? 0.05316? 0.17316
Coefficients:
? ? ? ? ? ? ?
???Estimate Std. Error t value
Pr(>|t|)? ?
(Intercept)? ? ???1.19840?
?
0.08060???14.87???<2e-16
***
log(No.ofPoints)? 0.94228? ?
0.02609???36.12???<2e-16
***
---
Signif. codes:? 0 ?***? 0.001 ?**? 0.01 ?*? 0.05 ?.?
0.1 ? ? 1
Residual standard error: 0.09455 on 37 degrees of freedom
Multiple R-squared:? 0.9724,??? Adjusted
R-squared:? 0.9717
F-statistic:? 1305 on 1 and 37 DF,? p-value: <
2.2e-16
David Winsemius
Alameda, CA, USA
------------------------------
Message: 11
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 18:18:57 -0800
From: Dennis Murphy <djmuser at gmail.com>
To: Lars Bishop <lars52r at gmail.com>
Cc: "r-help at r-project.org"
<r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: Re: [R] Math symbols in ggplot facets
Message-ID:
???
<CADv2QyE=sV9086T=44QoGkha5JR1SHch7HSn=H_gNDEXzof_LQ at mail.gmail.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1
Hi:
You were close...
library(ggplot2)
m <- mpg
# Set the factor labels with plotmath code (note the ==)
m$drv <- factor(m$drv, labels = c("sigma[0] == sqrt(2)",
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? "sigma[0] == 2 * sqrt(2)",
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? "sigma[0] == 3 * sqrt(2)"))
ggplot(m, aes(x = displ, y = cty)) + geom_point() +
? facet_grid(. ~ drv, labeller = label_parsed)
Dennis
On Sat, Feb 22, 2014 at 3:24 AM, Lars Bishop <lars52r at gmail.com>
wrote:
> Hello,
>
> I would like to show in my facet labels the equivalent
in LaTex of
> $\sigma_{0}= \sqrt{2}$. I think I'm close below, but
not yet as it shows
> $(\sigma_{0}, \sqrt{2})$
>
> m <- mpg
> levels(m$drv) <- c("sigma[0]=sqrt(2)", "sigma[0]=2 *
sqrt(2)", "sigma[0]= 3
> * sqrt(2)")
>
> ggplot(m, aes(x = displ, y = cty)) + geom_point() +
>???facet_grid(. ~ drv, labeller label_parsed)
>
>
> Thanks,
> Lars.
>
>? ? ? ???[[alternative
HTML version deleted]]
>
> ______________________________________________
> R-help at r-project.org
mailing list
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained,
reproducible code.
------------------------------
Message: 12
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 21:29:03 -0600
From: Ranjan Maitra <maitra.mbox.ignored at inbox.com>
To: <r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch>
Subject: [R] equivalent of $\check Y$ in plotmath
Message-ID: <20140222212903.e2fe6dcbc1a9a3a11d014c8d at inbox.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Hi,
I am trying to put the expression which in LaTeX would be
$\check Y$? as
a label on the axis of a plot.
How does one get the \check part of the above to produce a
similar
symbol in plotmath in R? I looked around plotmath's help but
could not
see this in the documentation.
Many thanks for any suggestions, and best wishes,
Ranjan
--
Important Notice: This mailbox is ignored: e-mails are set
to be
deleted on receipt. Please respond to the mailing list if
appropriate.
For those needing to send personal or professional e-mail,
please use
appropriate addresses.
____________________________________________________________
FREE 3D MARINE AQUARIUM SCREENSAVER - Watch dolphins, sharks
[[elided Yahoo spam]]
------------------------------
Message: 13
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 16:57:14 -0500
From: "Julie Royster" <jsdroyster at nc.rr.com>
To: <r-help at r-project.org>
Subject: [R] seeking alternative method to copy a large
section of my
??? R??? program
Message-ID: <000501cf3019$0c22da00$24688e00$@rr.com>
Content-Type: text/plain
Is there any way I can insert markers at the beginning and
end of a large
section of R statements and then copy all text in between to
clipboard?
I have trouble scrolling to select long sections, so if
there is another way
[[elided Yahoo spam]]
Julie (for husband Larry)
??? [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
------------------------------
Message: 14
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 22:34:02 -0800
From: Jeff Newmiller <jdnewmil at dcn.davis.CA.us>
To: Julie Royster <jsdroyster at nc.rr.com>,
r-help at r-project.org
Subject: Re: [R] seeking alternative method to copy a large
section of
??? my??? R???
program
Message-ID: <bfb3ed6b-33f6-4956-9430-daab0fe6adf0 at email.android.com>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
This is a function of the editor you use and the operating
system you use, neither of which is on topic here. That
said, many popular GUI editors allow you to select by
holding the shift key down while moving the cursor with
arrow keys. Note that in the long run using the source
function to have R process a whole file is much easier to
remember how to do later than remembering which chunks of
code to copy and paste. In addition, sometimes the amount of
text that the clipboard can hold will be less than you want
to run, leading to mysterious error messages from R.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jeff Newmiller? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? The?
???.....? ?
???.....? Go Live...
DCN:<jdnewmil at dcn.davis.ca.us>?
? ? ? Basics: ##.#.? ?
???##.#.? Live Go...
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ? Live:???OO#.. Dead:
OO#..? Playing
Research Engineer (Solar/Batteries? ? ?
? ? ? O.O#.? ?
???#.O#.? with
/Software/Embedded Controllers)? ? ? ?
? ? ???.OO#.? ?
???.OO#.? rocks...1k
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sent from my phone. Please excuse my brevity.
On February 22, 2014 1:57:14 PM PST, Julie Royster <jsdroyster at
nc.rr.com>
wrote:
>Is there any way I can insert markers at the beginning
and end of a
>large
>section of R statements and then copy all text in
between to clipboard?
>
>I have trouble scrolling to select long sections, so if
there is
>another way
[[elided Yahoo spam]]
>
>Julie (for husband Larry)
>
>??? [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>
>______________________________________________
>R-help at r-project.org
mailing list
>https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>PLEASE do read the posting guide
>http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>and provide commented, minimal, self-contained,
reproducible code.
------------------------------
Message: 15
Date: Sat, 22 Feb 2014 22:36:12 -0800
From: David Winsemius <dwinsemius at comcast.net>
To: "Julie Royster" <jsdroyster at nc.rr.com>
Cc: r-help at r-project.org
Subject: Re: [R] seeking alternative method to copy a large
section of
??? my R??? program
Message-ID: <C4ECBAED-6528-49D9-88D9-F319E170A057 at comcast.net>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
On Feb 22, 2014, at 1:57 PM, Julie Royster wrote:
> Is there any way I can insert markers at the beginning
and end of a large
> section of R statements and then copy all text in
between to clipboard?
>
> I have trouble scrolling to select long sections, so if
there is another way
[[elided Yahoo spam]]
Each interface is going to be a bit different, but on both
the Mac and Windoze I can position the cursor at one end ,
hold down the shift-key, scroll to the other end and release
the shift-key and I will have the target ready for either an
Edit/Cut or a cmd-C/ctrl-C.
--
David Winsemius
Alameda, CA, USA
------------------------------
_______________________________________________
R-help at r-project.org
mailing list
https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible
code.
End of R-help Digest, Vol 132, Issue 23