R 3.0.2 OS X Colleagues, I know little about encoding so please be patient with this question. I have a CSV file created from a SAS7BDAT dataset (using Shotwell's SAS7BDAT package). In the CSV file, when opened with XL, one entry reads as: ??????mol/L When I read this into R, that entry becomes: \U3e35623cmol/L I assume (perhaps naively) that this is a recoding. Whenever this occurs, I would like to use "sub" to replace the first portion of the string with micro (so the entire string reads micromol/L). However, when I use grep to identify presence of the string, R does not appear to detect it consistently. Perhaps I am not escaping things correctly or perhaps my understanding of this encoding is flawed. Can anyone provide some useful pointers here? Dennis Dennis Fisher MD P < (The "P Less Than" Company) Phone: 1-866-PLessThan (1-866-753-7784) Fax: 1-866-PLessThan (1-866-753-7784) www.PLessThan.com