I am trying to construct my design matrix needed in the {limma} function "lmfit" but am having trouble with the formula I am to specify in the function "model.matrix". Namely when to I use ~0 + factors (ex 1) vs ~-1 + factors (ex 2). Any clarification on this would be greatly appreciated. Thanks in advanced. Ex 1: f <- factor(targets$Target, levels=c("RNA1","RNA2","RNA3")) design <- model.matrix(~0+f) [page 409, of Bioinformatics and computational biology solutions using R and Bioconductor] and Ex 2: library(ALL) pdat <- pData(ALL) design <- model.matrix(~-1 + factor(pdat$type) [page 237, of Bioinformatics and computational biology solutions using R and Bioconductor] -- View this message in context: http://r.789695.n4.nabble.com/limma-design-matrix-tp4503651p4503651.html Sent from the R help mailing list archive at Nabble.com.