Hi all, I think I may be confused by different people/programs using the word rotation differently. Does prcomp not perform rotations by default? If I understand it correctly retx=TRUE returns ordinated data, that I can plot for individual samples (prcomp()$x: which is the scaled and centered (rotated?) data multiplied by loadings). What does it mean that the data is rotated from the "?prcomp" description? Is this referring to the data matrix orientation (i.e. looking at differences among samples (columns) based on variables (rows) vs. differences among variables (columns) based on samples(rows))? Thank you, Colin Wahl Graduate student, Western Washington University code & background: I am looking at the ordination of abiotic stream variables between different sampling locations. abiot.pca=prcomp(all24[, c(10, 13:18)], retx=TRUE, center=TRUE, scaleTRUE) summary(abiot.pca) Importance of components: PC1 PC2 PC3 PC4 PC5 PC6 PC7 Standard deviation 1.5925 1.0814 1.0697 0.9536 0.76624 0.68444 0.43037 Proportion of Variance 0.3623 0.1671 0.1635 0.1299 0.08387 0.06692 0.02646 Cumulative Proportion 0.3623 0.5294 0.6928 0.8227 0.90662 0.97354 1.00000 loadings[,1:3] PC1 PC2 PC3 avg.dmax -0.1879223 0.55792480 -0.04962935 scond.med -0.4327223 0.04779998 -0.43369560 docon.med 0.1976094 -0.30384127 0.67222550 cb.per 0.4134302 -0.17550281 -0.40171318 gc.per 0.4136933 -0.26997129 -0.39960398 gf.per 0.3419349 0.63917223 0.16174661 fine.per -0.5285840 -0.28616200 0.10168155 [[alternative HTML version deleted]]