Hi, I am trying to use the Tps procedure to visualize 3 variables in XYZ space, but keep getting the error messages below: Warning messages: 1: In Krig.find.gcvmin(info, lambda.grid, gcv.grid$GCV, Krig.fgcv, : GCV search gives a minimum at the endpoints of the grid search 2: In Krig.find.gcvmin(info, lambda.grid, gcv.grid$GCV.one, Krig.fgcv.one, : GCV search gives a minimum at the endpoints of the grid search This is the code I am using: tpsfit <- Tps(cbind(x1, x2), Y, scale.type = "unscaled") I have successfully used the Tps function for other subsets of the data, but one set is problematic. The output suggests that the smoothing parameter (lambda) is very low (5.632e-05). I have also attached the rest of the output from the function below this email. Can anyone help me with this problem? I can send an example of the data I am using if that is helpful. Any feedback would be appreciated. Thank you, Jenny CALL: Tps(x = cbind(x1, x2), Y = Y, scale.type = "unscaled", cov.function = "Thin plate spline radial basis functions (Rad.cov) ") Number of Observations: 116 Number of unique points: 116 Number of parameters in the null space 3 Parameters for fixed spatial drift 3 Effective degrees of freedom: 110.2 Residual degrees of freedom: 5.8 MLE sigma 0.03841 GCV sigma 0.05004 MLE rho 26.2 Scale passed for covariance (rho) <NA> Scale passed for nugget (sigma^2) <NA> Smoothing parameter lambda 5.632e-05 Residual Summary: min 1st Q median 3rd Q max -0.0339500 -0.0054520 0.0002131 0.0044340 0.0351400 Covariance Model: Rad.cov Names of non-default covariance arguments: p DETAILS ON SMOOTHING PARAMETER: Method used: GCV Cost: 1 lambda trA GCV GCV.one GCV.model shat 5.632e-05 1.102e+02 5.007e-02 5.007e-02 NA 5.004e-02 Summary of all estimates found for lambda lambda trA GCV shat REML GCV 5.632e-05 110.200 0.05007 0.05004 40.029 GCV.model NA NA NA NA NA GCV.one 5.632e-05 110.200 0.05007 0.05004 NA RMSE NA NA NA NA NA pure error NA NA NA NA NA REML 8.520e+03 3.001 0.06374 0.24919 3.323 Jennifer R. Gremer Postdoctoral Research Associate Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Arizona mail: P.O. 210088 deliveries: Biosciences West, Room 310 Tucson, AZ 85721 office: 520-621-4022