Dear List, I tried to fit a mixed effect model. data are like this: group id time t control 1 0 4.3 control 2 0 3.7 control 3 0 4.0 control 4 0 3.6 control 5 0 4.1 control 6 0 3.8 ...... control 4 5 5.1 control 5 5 4.5 control 6 5 3.3 it has repeated measurement("t") for each "id" at different "time". So I constructed a mixed effect model using package nlme: m1<-lme(t~time*group,random=~time|id,data=p_long) it worked fine. However when I used m2<-lme(t~time*group,random=~time|id,data=p_long,method="ML") it gave me error: "Error in lme.formula(t ~ time * group, random = ~time | id, data = p_long, : nlminb problem, convergence error code = 1 message = iteration limit reached without convergence (9)" and if I changed it to m3<-lme(t~time*group,random=~1|id,data=p_long,method="ML") It also worked fine. In summary, m1 used "random=~time|id" and no "ML" (so it was "REML"), it worked fine. m2 used "random=~time|id" and "ML", it gave errors m3 used "random=~1|id", and "ML", it worked fine. Could someone explain these to me? Thanks you. [[alternative HTML version deleted]]