Hi All, > d = data.frame(a=1:10,b=1:10) > by1 = rep(c("a","b"),5) > by(d, by1, function(z) z[,,drop=F]) by1: a a b 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ by1: b a b 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 8 10 10 10 > by(d, by1, function(z) z[,1,drop=F]) [1] 1 3 5 7 9 ------------------------------------------------------------ [1] 2 4 6 8 10 Can somebody explain why are the dimnames (i.e. by1: a by1: b) not there this time. Many Thanks Utkarsh