I am wanting to do an analysis of variance on the following data (a snippet of a larger dataset) to determine whether the factor BirdCall has a significant effect on Responses. Location Time BirdCall Responses field1 morning human 3 field1 evening human 5 field1 morning recording 4 field1 evening recording 8 field2 morning human 1 field2 evening human 3 field2 morning recording 2 field2 evening recording 2 field3 morning human 4 field3 evening human 5 field3 morning recording 6 field3 evening recording 9 Since Location is fully crossed with both factors, I am wondering if I need to specify the error term for BirdCall as follows: aov(Responses ~ BirdCall + Error(Location/BirdCall), data=bsurvey) Or can I simply do aov(Responses ~ Birdcall, data=bsurvey) Not only is there a large difference in the anova output, but the latter method prevents me from doing the post-hoc Tukey test. And likewise with a two-way anova, aov(Responses ~ BirdCall*Time + Error(Location/(BirdCall*Time)), data=bsurvey) ? Thanks in advance for any confirmation of the correct method. [[alternative HTML version deleted]]