I'm using R 2.8.0. Is there a way of doing factor analysis with factanal() that keeps it from scaling the covariance matrix? Apparently, even if covmat=S is used, the function effectively converts to a correlation matrix before doing the factor analysis. This may be the best choice in most instances, but occasionally I'd like to perform the analysis directly upon the covariance matrix itself. Thanks. ===============================================================Robert A. LaBudde, PhD, PAS, Dpl. ACAFS e-mail: ral at lcfltd.com Least Cost Formulations, Ltd. URL: http://lcfltd.com/ 824 Timberlake Drive Tel: 757-467-0954 Virginia Beach, VA 23464-3239 Fax: 757-467-2947 "Vere scire est per causas scire"