Hello all, I have a *.csv file that looks like this (actual file is orders of magnitude larger): site taxa no.ind meadow LMA 2 meadow LCY 1 meadow MSA 2 forest LMA 1 forest LCY 1 forest MSA 1 forest MSX 1 I am interested in, but have failed to create, code that efficiently converts it to a site-by-taxa matrix or data frame that looks like this: LMA LCY MSA MSX Meadow 2 1 2 0 Forest 1 1 1 1 With no repeating taxa names and zeros where a taxon is not listed for a site. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Regards, Drew Garey Aquatic Ecoloy Lab Manager Virginia Commonwealth University [[alternative HTML version deleted]]