Dear R-Users, I'm trying to set up a repeated measures anova with two within subjects factors. I tried it by 3 different anova functions: aov, Anova (from car package) and lme (from nlme package). I managed to get the same results with aov and Anova, but the results that I get from lme are slightly different and I don't figure out why. I guess I did not set up the error structure correctly. Here's an example, that I analysed with the 3 different anova functions: set.seed(10) df<-data.frame(Time=as.factor(rep(paste('t',1:3,sep=''),each=36)),Cond=as.fa ctor(paste('c',1:4,sep='')),Subj=as.factor(rep(paste('s',1:9,sep=''),each=4) ),y=rnorm(108)) summary(aov(y ~ (Time*Cond) + Error(Subj/(Time*Cond)), data = df)) library(nlme) anova(lme(y~Time*Cond,random=~1|Subj,data=df)) df2<-cast(df,Subj~Time+Cond)[-1] mod<-lm(cbind(t1_c1,t1_c2,t1_c3,t1_c4,t2_c1,t2_c2,t2_c3,t2_c4,t3_c1,t3_c2,t3 _c3,t3_c4)~1,df2) idata=data.frame(Time=gl(3,4),Cond=gl(4,1)) summary(Anova(mod,idata=idata,idesign=~Time*Cond),multivariate=F) I would highly appreciate if anyone could explain why the results are slightly different. I probably spent hours to find an answer on the internet. I would like to use the lme function, because I need to do multiple comparisons with ghlt function. Regards, Erich [[alternative HTML version deleted]]