R-users E-mail: r-help@r-project.org Hi! R-users. A simple object as below was created to see how gam() of package "mgcv" and anova() work. function() { library(mgcv) set.seed(12) nd <- 100 xx1 <- runif(nd, min=1, max=10) xx1 <- sort(xx1) yy <- sin(xx1)+rnorm(nd, mean=5, sd=5) data1 <- data.frame(x1=xx1, y=yy) fit1 <- gam(y~s(x1, k=5), data=data1, family=gaussian) out1 <- anova(fit1) print(out1) } The results is: Family: gaussian Link function: identity Formula: y ~ s(x1, k = 5) Approximate significance of smooth terms: edf Ref.df F p-value s(x1) 3.367 3.867 1.992 0.104 I do not understand why the value of "Ref.df" is larger than "edf" by 0.5. And I failed to find out an equation to derive the F value(1.992). Any help would be greatly appreciated. ***** r.otasuke@gmail.com ***** [[alternative HTML version deleted]]