Hello there, I am not quite sure how to interpret the output of Rprof (in the following the output I was staring at). I was poking around the web a little bit for documentation but without much success. I guess if I want to figure out what takes so long in my code the 2nd table $by.total and the total.pct column (pct = percent) is the most helpful. What does it mean that [ or [.data.frame is taking so much time, and is there something I could do to improve the situation. Thanks, -- D> summaryRprof(tmp)$by.self self.time self.pct total.time total.pct eval.with.vis 75.92 22.4 339.18 100.0 [.data.frame 46.28 13.6 186.36 54.9 structure 31.78 9.4 79.92 23.6 inherits 27.28 8.0 29.08 8.6 match 20.38 6.0 53.84 15.9 names 20.20 6.0 20.20 6.0 length 9.68 2.9 9.68 2.9 pmatch 9.02 2.7 10.46 3.1 [ 8.56 2.5 194.92 57.5 eval 5.84 1.7 31.02 9.1 any 5.78 1.7 6.88 2.0 match.arg 5.68 1.7 40.54 12.0 is.factor 4.68 1.4 32.28 9.5 cor 4.66 1.4 67.44 19.9 [[ 4.32 1.3 13.46 4.0 stopifnot 4.10 1.2 11.94 3.5 <Anonymous> 4.08 1.2 4.56 1.3 deparse 3.86 1.1 23.92 7.1 [[.data.frame 3.70 1.1 9.14 2.7 == 3.20 0.9 3.20 0.9 vector 2.80 0.8 11.94 3.5 rank 2.40 0.7 22.58 6.7> 2.16 0.6 2.16 0.6! 1.92 0.6 1.92 0.6 %in% 1.86 0.5 25.48 7.5 switch 1.68 0.5 1.76 0.5 names<- 1.56 0.5 1.78 0.5 < 1.54 0.5 1.54 0.5 .deparseOpts 1.50 0.4 11.98 3.5 match.call 1.48 0.4 2.84 0.8 .Call 1.34 0.4 1.34 0.4 is.na 1.30 0.4 1.30 0.4 all 1.24 0.4 1.48 0.4 formals 1.22 0.4 2.46 0.7 mode 1.22 0.4 1.32 0.4 sum 1.20 0.4 1.62 0.5 sys.parent 1.14 0.3 1.14 0.3 as.character 0.98 0.3 0.98 0.3 parent.frame 0.96 0.3 0.96 0.3 attributes<- 0.90 0.3 0.90 0.3 sys.call 0.86 0.3 1.36 0.4 list 0.82 0.2 0.82 0.2 & 0.74 0.2 0.74 0.2 sys.function 0.58 0.2 1.22 0.4 attr<- 0.58 0.2 0.58 0.2 is.logical 0.56 0.2 0.56 0.2 Rank 0.54 0.2 23.18 6.8 != 0.54 0.2 0.54 0.2 : 0.52 0.2 0.52 0.2 - 0.46 0.1 0.46 0.1 as.vector 0.44 0.1 0.44 0.1 .subset2 0.36 0.1 0.36 0.1 min 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 seq_along 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 max 0.32 0.1 0.32 0.1 is.data.frame 0.24 0.1 1.72 0.5 is.character 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 is.matrix 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 oldClass<- 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 is.list 0.16 0.0 0.16 0.0 ( 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 dim 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 ^ 0.12 0.0 0.12 0.0 is.pairlist 0.10 0.0 0.10 0.0 is.null 0.08 0.0 0.08 0.0 attributes 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 is.atomic 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 baseenv 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 is.call 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 is.name 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 is.expression 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.0 source 0.00 0.0 339.18 100.0 $by.total total.time total.pct self.time self.pct eval.with.vis 339.18 100.0 75.92 22.4 source 339.18 100.0 0.00 0.0 [ 194.92 57.5 8.56 2.5 [.data.frame 186.36 54.9 46.28 13.6 structure 79.92 23.6 31.78 9.4 cor 67.44 19.9 4.66 1.4 match 53.84 15.9 20.38 6.0 match.arg 40.54 12.0 5.68 1.7 is.factor 32.28 9.5 4.68 1.4 eval 31.02 9.1 5.84 1.7 inherits 29.08 8.6 27.28 8.0 %in% 25.48 7.5 1.86 0.5 deparse 23.92 7.1 3.86 1.1 Rank 23.18 6.8 0.54 0.2 rank 22.58 6.7 2.40 0.7 names 20.20 6.0 20.20 6.0 [[ 13.46 4.0 4.32 1.3 .deparseOpts 11.98 3.5 1.50 0.4 stopifnot 11.94 3.5 4.10 1.2 vector 11.94 3.5 2.80 0.8 pmatch 10.46 3.1 9.02 2.7 length 9.68 2.9 9.68 2.9 [[.data.frame 9.14 2.7 3.70 1.1 any 6.88 2.0 5.78 1.7 <Anonymous> 4.56 1.3 4.08 1.2 == 3.20 0.9 3.20 0.9 match.call 2.84 0.8 1.48 0.4 formals 2.46 0.7 1.22 0.4> 2.16 0.6 2.16 0.6! 1.92 0.6 1.92 0.6 names<- 1.78 0.5 1.56 0.5 switch 1.76 0.5 1.68 0.5 is.data.frame 1.72 0.5 0.24 0.1 sum 1.62 0.5 1.20 0.4 < 1.54 0.5 1.54 0.5 all 1.48 0.4 1.24 0.4 sys.call 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.3 .Call 1.34 0.4 1.34 0.4 mode 1.32 0.4 1.22 0.4 is.na 1.30 0.4 1.30 0.4 sys.function 1.22 0.4 0.58 0.2 sys.parent 1.14 0.3 1.14 0.3 as.character 0.98 0.3 0.98 0.3 parent.frame 0.96 0.3 0.96 0.3 attributes<- 0.90 0.3 0.90 0.3 list 0.82 0.2 0.82 0.2 & 0.74 0.2 0.74 0.2 attr<- 0.58 0.2 0.58 0.2 is.logical 0.56 0.2 0.56 0.2 != 0.54 0.2 0.54 0.2 : 0.52 0.2 0.52 0.2 - 0.46 0.1 0.46 0.1 as.vector 0.44 0.1 0.44 0.1 .subset2 0.36 0.1 0.36 0.1 min 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 seq_along 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 max 0.32 0.1 0.32 0.1 is.character 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 is.matrix 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 oldClass<- 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 is.list 0.16 0.0 0.16 0.0 ( 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 dim 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 ^ 0.12 0.0 0.12 0.0 is.pairlist 0.10 0.0 0.10 0.0 is.null 0.08 0.0 0.08 0.0 attributes 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 is.atomic 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 baseenv 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 is.call 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 is.name 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 is.expression 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.0 $sampling.time [1] 339.18 __________________________________________________ [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
On 10/22/2007 2:36 PM, Dieter Best wrote:> Hello there, > > I am not quite sure how to interpret the output of Rprof (in the following the output I was staring at). I was poking around the web a little bit for documentation but without much success. I guess if I want to figure out what takes so long in my code the 2nd table $by.total and the total.pct column (pct = percent) is the most helpful. What does it mean that [ or [.data.frame is taking so much time, and is there something I could do to improve the situation.I'll try to help, but the documentation in the Writing R Extensions manual should be your first stop. The definitions of the 4 columns are: self.time: how many seconds were spent in that function self.pct: what percent is this of the overall time. (These numbers should total 100%, modulo rounding and truncation.) total.time: how many seconds were spent in that function or the functions that it called total.pct: what percentage this is of the total. (These numbers will typically total much more than 100%, because functions will be counted for themselves, and for all the functions that call them.) So look at the functions you wrote that score high in total.pct, because they are the ones where optimization will have an impact. You may be able to modify them to avoid calling some of the high cost functions that you didn't write. [.data.frame is a known slow function. If execution time matters to you, don't use it. Convert data frames to matrices, where indexing is much faster. In your case, this one change could possibly speed up things by a factor of 2, because you're spending half the execution time just indexing into data frames. One other piece of advice: after you identify a possible change, make it and redo the profiling. [.data.frame calls so many other functions that if you get rid of it you may drastically change the profile. Duncan Murdoch> Thanks, > > -- D > > >> summaryRprof(tmp) > $by.self > self.time self.pct total.time total.pct > eval.with.vis 75.92 22.4 339.18 100.0 > [.data.frame 46.28 13.6 186.36 54.9 > structure 31.78 9.4 79.92 23.6 > inherits 27.28 8.0 29.08 8.6 > match 20.38 6.0 53.84 15.9 > names 20.20 6.0 20.20 6.0 > length 9.68 2.9 9.68 2.9 > pmatch 9.02 2.7 10.46 3.1 > [ 8.56 2.5 194.92 57.5 > eval 5.84 1.7 31.02 9.1 > any 5.78 1.7 6.88 2.0 > match.arg 5.68 1.7 40.54 12.0 > is.factor 4.68 1.4 32.28 9.5 > cor 4.66 1.4 67.44 19.9 > [[ 4.32 1.3 13.46 4.0 > stopifnot 4.10 1.2 11.94 3.5 > <Anonymous> 4.08 1.2 4.56 1.3 > deparse 3.86 1.1 23.92 7.1 > [[.data.frame 3.70 1.1 9.14 2.7 > == 3.20 0.9 3.20 0.9 > vector 2.80 0.8 11.94 3.5 > rank 2.40 0.7 22.58 6.7 >> 2.16 0.6 2.16 0.6 > ! 1.92 0.6 1.92 0.6 > %in% 1.86 0.5 25.48 7.5 > switch 1.68 0.5 1.76 0.5 > names<- 1.56 0.5 1.78 0.5 > < 1.54 0.5 1.54 0.5 > .deparseOpts 1.50 0.4 11.98 3.5 > match.call 1.48 0.4 2.84 0.8 > .Call 1.34 0.4 1.34 0.4 > is.na 1.30 0.4 1.30 0.4 > all 1.24 0.4 1.48 0.4 > formals 1.22 0.4 2.46 0.7 > mode 1.22 0.4 1.32 0.4 > sum 1.20 0.4 1.62 0.5 > sys.parent 1.14 0.3 1.14 0.3 > as.character 0.98 0.3 0.98 0.3 > parent.frame 0.96 0.3 0.96 0.3 > attributes<- 0.90 0.3 0.90 0.3 > sys.call 0.86 0.3 1.36 0.4 > list 0.82 0.2 0.82 0.2 > & 0.74 0.2 0.74 0.2 > sys.function 0.58 0.2 1.22 0.4 > attr<- 0.58 0.2 0.58 0.2 > is.logical 0.56 0.2 0.56 0.2 > Rank 0.54 0.2 23.18 6.8 > != 0.54 0.2 0.54 0.2 > : 0.52 0.2 0.52 0.2 > - 0.46 0.1 0.46 0.1 > as.vector 0.44 0.1 0.44 0.1 > .subset2 0.36 0.1 0.36 0.1 > min 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > seq_along 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > max 0.32 0.1 0.32 0.1 > is.data.frame 0.24 0.1 1.72 0.5 > is.character 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.matrix 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > oldClass<- 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.list 0.16 0.0 0.16 0.0 > ( 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > dim 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > ^ 0.12 0.0 0.12 0.0 > is.pairlist 0.10 0.0 0.10 0.0 > is.null 0.08 0.0 0.08 0.0 > attributes 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > is.atomic 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > baseenv 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.call 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.name 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.expression 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.0 > source 0.00 0.0 339.18 100.0 > $by.total > total.time total.pct self.time self.pct > eval.with.vis 339.18 100.0 75.92 22.4 > source 339.18 100.0 0.00 0.0 > [ 194.92 57.5 8.56 2.5 > [.data.frame 186.36 54.9 46.28 13.6 > structure 79.92 23.6 31.78 9.4 > cor 67.44 19.9 4.66 1.4 > match 53.84 15.9 20.38 6.0 > match.arg 40.54 12.0 5.68 1.7 > is.factor 32.28 9.5 4.68 1.4 > eval 31.02 9.1 5.84 1.7 > inherits 29.08 8.6 27.28 8.0 > %in% 25.48 7.5 1.86 0.5 > deparse 23.92 7.1 3.86 1.1 > Rank 23.18 6.8 0.54 0.2 > rank 22.58 6.7 2.40 0.7 > names 20.20 6.0 20.20 6.0 > [[ 13.46 4.0 4.32 1.3 > .deparseOpts 11.98 3.5 1.50 0.4 > stopifnot 11.94 3.5 4.10 1.2 > vector 11.94 3.5 2.80 0.8 > pmatch 10.46 3.1 9.02 2.7 > length 9.68 2.9 9.68 2.9 > [[.data.frame 9.14 2.7 3.70 1.1 > any 6.88 2.0 5.78 1.7 > <Anonymous> 4.56 1.3 4.08 1.2 > == 3.20 0.9 3.20 0.9 > match.call 2.84 0.8 1.48 0.4 > formals 2.46 0.7 1.22 0.4 >> 2.16 0.6 2.16 0.6 > ! 1.92 0.6 1.92 0.6 > names<- 1.78 0.5 1.56 0.5 > switch 1.76 0.5 1.68 0.5 > is.data.frame 1.72 0.5 0.24 0.1 > sum 1.62 0.5 1.20 0.4 > < 1.54 0.5 1.54 0.5 > all 1.48 0.4 1.24 0.4 > sys.call 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.3 > .Call 1.34 0.4 1.34 0.4 > mode 1.32 0.4 1.22 0.4 > is.na 1.30 0.4 1.30 0.4 > sys.function 1.22 0.4 0.58 0.2 > sys.parent 1.14 0.3 1.14 0.3 > as.character 0.98 0.3 0.98 0.3 > parent.frame 0.96 0.3 0.96 0.3 > attributes<- 0.90 0.3 0.90 0.3 > list 0.82 0.2 0.82 0.2 > & 0.74 0.2 0.74 0.2 > attr<- 0.58 0.2 0.58 0.2 > is.logical 0.56 0.2 0.56 0.2 > != 0.54 0.2 0.54 0.2 > : 0.52 0.2 0.52 0.2 > - 0.46 0.1 0.46 0.1 > as.vector 0.44 0.1 0.44 0.1 > .subset2 0.36 0.1 0.36 0.1 > min 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > seq_along 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > max 0.32 0.1 0.32 0.1 > is.character 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.matrix 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > oldClass<- 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.list 0.16 0.0 0.16 0.0 > ( 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > dim 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > ^ 0.12 0.0 0.12 0.0 > is.pairlist 0.10 0.0 0.10 0.0 > is.null 0.08 0.0 0.08 0.0 > attributes 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > is.atomic 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > baseenv 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.call 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.name 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.expression 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.0 > $sampling.time > [1] 339.18 > > __________________________________________________ > > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
On Mon, 22 Oct 2007, Dieter Best wrote:> Hello there, > > I am not quite sure how to interpret the output of Rprof (in the following the > output I was staring at). I was poking around the web a little bit for >documentation but without much success. I guess if I want to figure out what >takes so long in my code the 2nd table $by.total and the total.pct column (pct > = percent) is the most helpful. What does it mean that [ or [.data.frame is >taking so much time, and is there something I could do to improve the > situation.It means that [.data.frame is taking a long time. This does happen -- it is a very general function and it can do a lot of memory allocation. The first thing to check is that you have a current version of R, since there have been improvements in recent versions. You may be able to use a matrix or a list instead of a data frame. If so, this is likely to be faster. Otherwise it depends on exactly what you are doing. -thomas>> summaryRprof(tmp) > $by.self > self.time self.pct total.time total.pct > eval.with.vis 75.92 22.4 339.18 100.0 > [.data.frame 46.28 13.6 186.36 54.9 > structure 31.78 9.4 79.92 23.6 > inherits 27.28 8.0 29.08 8.6 > match 20.38 6.0 53.84 15.9 > names 20.20 6.0 20.20 6.0 > length 9.68 2.9 9.68 2.9 > pmatch 9.02 2.7 10.46 3.1 > [ 8.56 2.5 194.92 57.5 > eval 5.84 1.7 31.02 9.1 > any 5.78 1.7 6.88 2.0 > match.arg 5.68 1.7 40.54 12.0 > is.factor 4.68 1.4 32.28 9.5 > cor 4.66 1.4 67.44 19.9 > [[ 4.32 1.3 13.46 4.0 > stopifnot 4.10 1.2 11.94 3.5 > <Anonymous> 4.08 1.2 4.56 1.3 > deparse 3.86 1.1 23.92 7.1 > [[.data.frame 3.70 1.1 9.14 2.7 > == 3.20 0.9 3.20 0.9 > vector 2.80 0.8 11.94 3.5 > rank 2.40 0.7 22.58 6.7 >> 2.16 0.6 2.16 0.6 > ! 1.92 0.6 1.92 0.6 > %in% 1.86 0.5 25.48 7.5 > switch 1.68 0.5 1.76 0.5 > names<- 1.56 0.5 1.78 0.5 > < 1.54 0.5 1.54 0.5 > .deparseOpts 1.50 0.4 11.98 3.5 > match.call 1.48 0.4 2.84 0.8 > .Call 1.34 0.4 1.34 0.4 > is.na 1.30 0.4 1.30 0.4 > all 1.24 0.4 1.48 0.4 > formals 1.22 0.4 2.46 0.7 > mode 1.22 0.4 1.32 0.4 > sum 1.20 0.4 1.62 0.5 > sys.parent 1.14 0.3 1.14 0.3 > as.character 0.98 0.3 0.98 0.3 > parent.frame 0.96 0.3 0.96 0.3 > attributes<- 0.90 0.3 0.90 0.3 > sys.call 0.86 0.3 1.36 0.4 > list 0.82 0.2 0.82 0.2 > & 0.74 0.2 0.74 0.2 > sys.function 0.58 0.2 1.22 0.4 > attr<- 0.58 0.2 0.58 0.2 > is.logical 0.56 0.2 0.56 0.2 > Rank 0.54 0.2 23.18 6.8 > != 0.54 0.2 0.54 0.2 > : 0.52 0.2 0.52 0.2 > - 0.46 0.1 0.46 0.1 > as.vector 0.44 0.1 0.44 0.1 > .subset2 0.36 0.1 0.36 0.1 > min 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > seq_along 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > max 0.32 0.1 0.32 0.1 > is.data.frame 0.24 0.1 1.72 0.5 > is.character 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.matrix 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > oldClass<- 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.list 0.16 0.0 0.16 0.0 > ( 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > dim 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > ^ 0.12 0.0 0.12 0.0 > is.pairlist 0.10 0.0 0.10 0.0 > is.null 0.08 0.0 0.08 0.0 > attributes 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > is.atomic 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > baseenv 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.call 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.name 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.expression 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.0 > source 0.00 0.0 339.18 100.0 > $by.total > total.time total.pct self.time self.pct > eval.with.vis 339.18 100.0 75.92 22.4 > source 339.18 100.0 0.00 0.0 > [ 194.92 57.5 8.56 2.5 > [.data.frame 186.36 54.9 46.28 13.6 > structure 79.92 23.6 31.78 9.4 > cor 67.44 19.9 4.66 1.4 > match 53.84 15.9 20.38 6.0 > match.arg 40.54 12.0 5.68 1.7 > is.factor 32.28 9.5 4.68 1.4 > eval 31.02 9.1 5.84 1.7 > inherits 29.08 8.6 27.28 8.0 > %in% 25.48 7.5 1.86 0.5 > deparse 23.92 7.1 3.86 1.1 > Rank 23.18 6.8 0.54 0.2 > rank 22.58 6.7 2.40 0.7 > names 20.20 6.0 20.20 6.0 > [[ 13.46 4.0 4.32 1.3 > .deparseOpts 11.98 3.5 1.50 0.4 > stopifnot 11.94 3.5 4.10 1.2 > vector 11.94 3.5 2.80 0.8 > pmatch 10.46 3.1 9.02 2.7 > length 9.68 2.9 9.68 2.9 > [[.data.frame 9.14 2.7 3.70 1.1 > any 6.88 2.0 5.78 1.7 > <Anonymous> 4.56 1.3 4.08 1.2 > == 3.20 0.9 3.20 0.9 > match.call 2.84 0.8 1.48 0.4 > formals 2.46 0.7 1.22 0.4 >> 2.16 0.6 2.16 0.6 > ! 1.92 0.6 1.92 0.6 > names<- 1.78 0.5 1.56 0.5 > switch 1.76 0.5 1.68 0.5 > is.data.frame 1.72 0.5 0.24 0.1 > sum 1.62 0.5 1.20 0.4 > < 1.54 0.5 1.54 0.5 > all 1.48 0.4 1.24 0.4 > sys.call 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.3 > .Call 1.34 0.4 1.34 0.4 > mode 1.32 0.4 1.22 0.4 > is.na 1.30 0.4 1.30 0.4 > sys.function 1.22 0.4 0.58 0.2 > sys.parent 1.14 0.3 1.14 0.3 > as.character 0.98 0.3 0.98 0.3 > parent.frame 0.96 0.3 0.96 0.3 > attributes<- 0.90 0.3 0.90 0.3 > list 0.82 0.2 0.82 0.2 > & 0.74 0.2 0.74 0.2 > attr<- 0.58 0.2 0.58 0.2 > is.logical 0.56 0.2 0.56 0.2 > != 0.54 0.2 0.54 0.2 > : 0.52 0.2 0.52 0.2 > - 0.46 0.1 0.46 0.1 > as.vector 0.44 0.1 0.44 0.1 > .subset2 0.36 0.1 0.36 0.1 > min 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > seq_along 0.34 0.1 0.34 0.1 > max 0.32 0.1 0.32 0.1 > is.character 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.matrix 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > oldClass<- 0.18 0.1 0.18 0.1 > is.list 0.16 0.0 0.16 0.0 > ( 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > dim 0.14 0.0 0.14 0.0 > ^ 0.12 0.0 0.12 0.0 > is.pairlist 0.10 0.0 0.10 0.0 > is.null 0.08 0.0 0.08 0.0 > attributes 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > is.atomic 0.06 0.0 0.06 0.0 > baseenv 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.call 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.name 0.04 0.0 0.04 0.0 > is.expression 0.02 0.0 0.02 0.0 > $sampling.time > [1] 339.18 > > __________________________________________________ > > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >Thomas Lumley Assoc. Professor, Biostatistics tlumley at u.washington.edu University of Washington, Seattle