Hi, I have a function for doing permutation tests for Manovas, written with the help of folks here on the list. It seems to work ok, and I've found that there is indeed a significant difference among groups in my analysis. I want to follow up on this by testing for which pairs of groups are significantly different. Reasoning that since Wilks Lambda is a generalization of the Hotelling T test, it should be appropriate for testing difference between two groups as well as between many groups, I used the same function. This appears to work, with one exception. For one pair of groups the residuals have rank 14 < 15. Reading through the archives I see that this problem comes up with permutation tests on occassion. My question is, does this problem indicate a mistaken assumption or faulty code on my part, and is there anyway to address it, either with a different approach or a change to my function? The actual function I use is: wilks.perm <- function(data.mat, cat.vect, n=999){ res.vect <- numeric(n+1) for (i in 1:n){ wilks <- summary(manova(data.mat ~ sample(cat.vect)), test="Wilks")$stats[1,2] res.vect[i] <- wilks } res.vect[n+1] <- obs <- summary(manova(data.mat~cat.vect), test="Wilks")$stats[1,2] return(sum(res.vect <= res.vect[n+1])/(n+1)) } Thanks! Tyler