Hello, I have many subsets of x. I want to get the standard deviation for each subset with the same factor levels. For "FUN=mean" and "FUN=median" I am using "ave()". Can anybody tell me the match of "ave()" for using "FUN=SD"? At the beginning I used aggregate(), also for mean and median. But aggregegate make ""arithmetical errors"" in computing huge records. Thank's a lot. Felix R-CODE: ------- MEAN <- ave(INPUT[,3], INPUT[,1], INPUT[,2], FUN = mean) mMEAN <- matrix( c(INPUT[,1], INPUT[,2], MEAN), ncol=3, byrow=FALSE) SD <- na.omit( aggregate(INPUT[,3], by=list(INPUT[,2],INPUT[,1] ), FUN=sd ) ) mSD <- matrix( c( SD[,2], SD[,1], SD[,3]), ncol=3, byrow=FALSE) mSD[,1] <- (mSD[,1] - 1 ) #eleminate the converting-fault list-> matrix mSD[,2] <- (mSD[,2] - 1 ) / 10 #eleminate the converting-fault list-> matrix the arithmetical errors: ------------------------ list -> matrix 0 -> 1 1 1 -> 2 2.1 -> 22 3.5 -> 36