Marco Chirandini writes: "is there any extension of the pairwise Wilcoxon test to a dependent samples layout with replicates (or, in other terms, a one-way layout with blocking and replicates)? The Wilcoxon method with matched pairs works for the case of dependent samples with one observation per block, while the Mann-Whitney test works for independent samples, thus one single block and replicated observations. Is there a method which mixes this two cases considering a depedent sample design in which each block has more than one observation? I know it exists a Friedman test for this case but in the Friedman test ranks are constructed considering all subjects jointly, while in Wilcoxon only the pair of subject currently considered are ranked, thus resulting in a more powerful test." It is my understanding that the Friedman test ranks responses within each block, independently from block to block. friedman.test() is an R function. ********************************************************** Cliff Lunneborg, Professor Emeritus, Statistics & Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle cliff at ms.washington.edu