Dear all: I am using R to do multiple imputation for longitudinal data set. The Gibbs chain basically requires draw posterior distribution of model parameters, including the random effects. The multiple imputation requires several independent Gibbs chains. So my program structure is like: for (chain in 1:5) { # perform Gibbs sampling... for (row in 1:row.no) { b.row=some function # draw random effects from each row of the data matrix; ... } ... } I used two for loops. I know that for loops should be avoided in R. Since the Gibbs chains are independent, so does the draw of the random effects for the data matrix, I am just wondering if there exists faster command in R to do above operation. I happen to see function sapply(), will it be faster than my double for loops? Your help will be greatly appreciated. Yulei $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Yulei He 1586 Murfin Ave. Apt 37 Ann Arbor, MI 48105-3135 yuleih at umich.edu 734-647-0305(H) 734-763-0421(O) 734-763-0427(O) 734-764-8263(fax) $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$