R help - Aug 2007 - Import of Access data via RODBC changes column name ("NO" to "Expr1014") and the content of the column

Dear all,
 
I have some problems with importing data from an Access data base via
RODBC to R. The data base contains several tables, which all are
imported consecutively. One table has a column with column name "NO".
If
I run the code attached on the bottom of the mail I get no complain, but
the column name (name of the respective vector of the data.frame) is
"Expr1014" instead of "NO". Additionally the original column
(type
"text") containes "0"s and missings, but the imported column
contains
"0"s only (type "int"). If I change the column name in the
Access data
base to "NOx", the import works fine with the right name and the same
data. 
 
Previously I generated a tiny Access data base which reproduced the
problem. To be on the safe site I installed the latest version (2.5.1)
and now the example works fine, but within my production process the
error still remaines. An import into excel via ODBC works fine.

So there is no way to figure it out whether this is a bug or a
feature.-)
 
The second problem I have is that when I rerun "rm(list = ls(all = T));
gc()" and the import several times I get the following error:
 
Error in odbcTables(channel) : Calloc could not allocate (263168 of 1)
memory
In addition: Warning messages:
1: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time) 
2: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time) 
3: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
odbcTables(channel) 
4: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
odbcTables(channel) 

which is surprising to me, as the first two statements should delete all
objects and recover the memory. Is this only a matter of memory? Is
there any logging that reduces the memory? Or is this issue connected to
the upper problem?
 
I added the code on the bottom - maybe there is some kind of misuse I
lost sight of. Any hints are appreciated.
 
Kind regards,
Maciej
 
> version
               _                           
platform       i386-pc-mingw32             
arch           i386                        
os             mingw32                     
system         i386, mingw32               
status                                     
major          2                           
minor          5.1                         
year           2007                        
month          06                          
day            27                          
svn rev        42083                       
language       R                           
version.string R version 2.5.1 (2007-06-27)

 
## code
 
get.table <- function(name, db, drop = NULL){
  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
  ## exclude memo columns
  .t <- try(sqlColumns(.con, name))
  if(inherits(.t, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.t)}
  .t <- .t[.t$"COLUMN_SIZE" < 255, "COLUMN_NAME"]
  .t <- paste(.t, collapse = ",")
  ## get table
  .t <- paste("select", .t, "from", name)
  .d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, .t), silent = T)
  if(inherits(.d, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.d)}
  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
  .d <- .d[!names(.d) %in% drop]
  return(.d)
}
 
get.alltables <- function(db){
  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
  .tbls <- try(sqlTables(.con)[["TABLE_NAME"]])
  if(inherits(.tbls, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.tbls)}
  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
  .tbls <- .tbls[-grep("^MSys", .tbls)]
  .d <- lapply(seq(along = .tbls), function(.i){
    .d <-
      try(get.table(.tbls[.i], db = db)) 
    return(invisible(.d))
  })
  names(.d) <- .tbls
  .ok <- !sapply(.d, inherits, "try-error")
  return(list(notdone = .d[!.ok], data = .d[.ok]))
}
 
library(RODBC)
 
alldata <- get.alltables(db = "./myaccessdb.MDB")
 
## code end

On Tue, 14 Aug 2007, Maciej Hoffman-Wecker wrote:
>
> Dear all,
>
> I have some problems with importing data from an Access data base via
> RODBC to R. The data base contains several tables, which all are
> imported consecutively. One table has a column with column name
"NO". If
> I run the code attached on the bottom of the mail I get no complain, but
> the column name (name of the respective vector of the data.frame) is
> "Expr1014" instead of "NO". Additionally the original
column (type
> "text") containes "0"s and missings, but the imported
column contains
> "0"s only (type "int"). If I change the column name in
the Access data
> base to "NOx", the import works fine with the right name and the
same
> data.
>
> Previously I generated a tiny Access data base which reproduced the
> problem. To be on the safe site I installed the latest version (2.5.1)
> and now the example works fine, but within my production process the
> error still remaines. An import into excel via ODBC works fine.
>
> So there is no way to figure it out whether this is a bug or a
> feature.-)
It's most likely an ODBC issue, but you have not provided a reproducible 
example.
> The second problem I have is that when I rerun "rm(list = ls(all =
T));
> gc()" and the import several times I get the following error:
>
> Error in odbcTables(channel) : Calloc could not allocate (263168 of 1)
> memory
> In addition: Warning messages:
> 1: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time)
> 2: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time)
> 3: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcTables(channel)
> 4: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcTables(channel)
>
> which is surprising to me, as the first two statements should delete all
How do you _know _what they 'should' do?  That only deletes all objects
in
the workspace, not all objects in R, and not all memory blocks used by R.

Please do read ?"Memory-limits" for the possible reasons.

Where did '447Mb' come from?  If this machine has less than 2Gb of RAM, 
buy some more.

> objects and recover the memory. Is this only a matter of memory? Is
> there any logging that reduces the memory? Or is this issue connected to
> the upper problem?
>
> I added the code on the bottom - maybe there is some kind of misuse I
> lost sight of. Any hints are appreciated.
>
> Kind regards,
> Maciej
>
>> version
>               _
> platform       i386-pc-mingw32
> arch           i386
> os             mingw32
> system         i386, mingw32
> status
> major          2
> minor          5.1
> year           2007
> month          06
> day            27
> svn rev        42083
> language       R
> version.string R version 2.5.1 (2007-06-27)
>
>
> ## code
>
> get.table <- function(name, db, drop = NULL){
>  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
>  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
>  ## exclude memo columns
>  .t <- try(sqlColumns(.con, name))
>  if(inherits(.t, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.t)}
>  .t <- .t[.t$"COLUMN_SIZE" < 255, "COLUMN_NAME"]
>  .t <- paste(.t, collapse = ",")
>  ## get table
>  .t <- paste("select", .t, "from", name)
>  .d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, .t), silent = T)
>  if(inherits(.d, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.d)}
>  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
>  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
>  .d <- .d[!names(.d) %in% drop]
>  return(.d)
> }
>
> get.alltables <- function(db){
>  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
>  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
>  .tbls <- try(sqlTables(.con)[["TABLE_NAME"]])
>  if(inherits(.tbls, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.tbls)}
>  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
>  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
>  .tbls <- .tbls[-grep("^MSys", .tbls)]
>  .d <- lapply(seq(along = .tbls), function(.i){
>    .d <-
>      try(get.table(.tbls[.i], db = db))
>    return(invisible(.d))
>  })
>  names(.d) <- .tbls
>  .ok <- !sapply(.d, inherits, "try-error")
>  return(list(notdone = .d[!.ok], data = .d[.ok]))
> }
>
> library(RODBC)
>
> alldata <- get.alltables(db = "./myaccessdb.MDB")
>
> ## code end
>
> ______________________________________________
> R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
-- 
Brian D. Ripley,                  ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics,  http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford,             Tel:  +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road,                     +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK                Fax:  +44 1865 272595

Dear Professor Ripley,

Thank you very much for your response. I send the problem, as I didn't have
any more ideas were to search for the reason. I didn't say this is a R bug,
knowing the responses on such mails.-)

But I succeeded in developing a tiny example, that reproduces the bug (wherever
it is).

I generated a small Access data base "test2.mdb" with one table
"Tab1" and following columns:

"Field name"	"Field type"
          F1            Number
          NO            Number
          F2            Number

(sorry if the Access identifiers are not the standard ones, as I have a german
Access version)

The content of the "Tab1" table is:

F1	NO	F2
1	1	1
2	2	2
0		1
1	0	0

(The column "NO" contains one missing)

Now if I import the data into R, I get the following results:
> library(RODBC)
> .con <- odbcConnectAccess("./test2.mdb")
> (.d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, "select * from Tab1")))
  F1 NO F2
1  1  1  1
2  2  2  2
3  0 NA  1
4  1  0  0
> (.d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, "select F1 , NO , F2 from Tab1")))
  F1 Expr1001 F2
1  1        0  1
2  2        0  2
3  0        0  1
4  1        0  0
> close(.con)
So the problem occurs if the column names are specified within the query.
Is the query "select F1 , NO , F2 from Tab1" invalid?

Regarding the memory issue, I _knew_ that there must be a reason for the running
out of memory space. Sorry for not being more specific. My question than is:

Is there a way to 'reset' the environment without quitting R and
restarting it?

Thank you for your help. 

Kind regards,
Maciej


-----Urspr?ngliche Nachricht-----
Von: Prof Brian Ripley [mailto:ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk] 
Gesendet: Dienstag, 14. August 2007 11:51
An: Maciej Hoffman-Wecker
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Betreff: Re: [R] Import of Access data via RODBC changes column name
("NO" to "Expr1014") and the content of the column

On Tue, 14 Aug 2007, Maciej Hoffman-Wecker wrote:
>
> Dear all,
>
> I have some problems with importing data from an Access data base via 
> RODBC to R. The data base contains several tables, which all are 
> imported consecutively. One table has a column with column name
"NO".
> If I run the code attached on the bottom of the mail I get no 
> complain, but the column name (name of the respective vector of the 
> data.frame) is "Expr1014" instead of "NO". Additionally
the original
> column (type
> "text") containes "0"s and missings, but the imported
column contains
> "0"s only (type "int"). If I change the column name in
the Access data
> base to "NOx", the import works fine with the right name and the
same
> data.
>
> Previously I generated a tiny Access data base which reproduced the 
> problem. To be on the safe site I installed the latest version (2.5.1) 
> and now the example works fine, but within my production process the 
> error still remaines. An import into excel via ODBC works fine.
>
> So there is no way to figure it out whether this is a bug or a
> feature.-)
It's most likely an ODBC issue, but you have not provided a reproducible
example.
> The second problem I have is that when I rerun "rm(list = ls(all = 
> T)); gc()" and the import several times I get the following error:
>
> Error in odbcTables(channel) : Calloc could not allocate (263168 of 1) 
> memory In addition: Warning messages:
> 1: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time)
> 2: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time)
> 3: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcTables(channel)
> 4: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
> odbcTables(channel)
>
> which is surprising to me, as the first two statements should delete 
> all
How do you _know _what they 'should' do?  That only deletes all objects
in the workspace, not all objects in R, and not all memory blocks used by R.

Please do read ?"Memory-limits" for the possible reasons.

Where did '447Mb' come from?  If this machine has less than 2Gb of RAM,
buy some more.

> objects and recover the memory. Is this only a matter of memory? Is
> there any logging that reduces the memory? Or is this issue connected to
> the upper problem?
>
> I added the code on the bottom - maybe there is some kind of misuse I
> lost sight of. Any hints are appreciated.
>
> Kind regards,
> Maciej
>
>> version
>               _
> platform       i386-pc-mingw32
> arch           i386
> os             mingw32
> system         i386, mingw32
> status
> major          2
> minor          5.1
> year           2007
> month          06
> day            27
> svn rev        42083
> language       R
> version.string R version 2.5.1 (2007-06-27)
>
>
> ## code
>
> get.table <- function(name, db, drop = NULL){
>  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
>  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
>  ## exclude memo columns
>  .t <- try(sqlColumns(.con, name))
>  if(inherits(.t, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.t)}
>  .t <- .t[.t$"COLUMN_SIZE" < 255, "COLUMN_NAME"]
>  .t <- paste(.t, collapse = ",")
>  ## get table
>  .t <- paste("select", .t, "from", name)
>  .d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, .t), silent = T)
>  if(inherits(.d, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.d)}
>  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
>  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
>  .d <- .d[!names(.d) %in% drop]
>  return(.d)
> }
>
> get.alltables <- function(db){
>  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
>  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
>  .tbls <- try(sqlTables(.con)[["TABLE_NAME"]])
>  if(inherits(.tbls, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.tbls)}
>  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
>  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
>  .tbls <- .tbls[-grep("^MSys", .tbls)]
>  .d <- lapply(seq(along = .tbls), function(.i){
>    .d <-
>      try(get.table(.tbls[.i], db = db))
>    return(invisible(.d))
>  })
>  names(.d) <- .tbls
>  .ok <- !sapply(.d, inherits, "try-error")
>  return(list(notdone = .d[!.ok], data = .d[.ok]))
> }
>
> library(RODBC)
>
> alldata <- get.alltables(db = "./myaccessdb.MDB")
>
> ## code end
>
> ______________________________________________
> R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
> PLEASE do read the posting guide
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>
-- 
Brian D. Ripley,                  ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics,  http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford,             Tel:  +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road,                     +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK                Fax:  +44 1865 272595

Maciej Hoffman-Wecker <Maciej.Hoffman-Wecker <at> bioskin.de>
writes:

...
> But I succeeded in developing a tiny example, that reproduces the bug
(wherever it is).
> 
> I generated a small Access data base "test2.mdb" with one table
"Tab1" and
following columns:
..... 
> > library(RODBC)
> > .con <- odbcConnectAccess("./test2.mdb")
> > (.d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, "select * from Tab1")))
> > (.d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, "select F1 , NO , F2 from
Tab1")))
>   F1 Expr1001 F2
> 1  1        0  1
> 2  2        0  2
> 3  0        0  1
> 4  1        0  0
> > close(.con)
NO is a reserved word in ODBC (or where...). Whenever you see Exprxxx in
columns, put the column name in []
d <- try(sqlQuery(con, "select F1 ,[NO], F2 from Tab1"))

works for me.

Dieter

Thank you very much Professor Ripley! Afterwards it seems obvious where to look.

Have a nice day,
Maciej

PS: Yes, my machine has not much memory, but it is sufficient for the smaller
trial data.

-----Urspr?ngliche Nachricht-----
Von: Prof Brian Ripley [mailto:ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk] 
Gesendet: Dienstag, 14. August 2007 19:14
An: Maciej Hoffman-Wecker
Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
Betreff: Re: AW: [R] Import of Access data via RODBC changes column name
("NO" to "Expr1014") and the content of the column

On Tue, 14 Aug 2007, Maciej Hoffman-Wecker wrote:
> Dear Professor Ripley,
>
> Thank you very much for your response. I send the problem, as I didn't 
> have any more ideas were to search for the reason. I didn't say this 
> is a R bug, knowing the responses on such mails.-)
>
> But I succeeded in developing a tiny example, that reproduces the bug 
> (wherever it is).
Thank you, that was helpful: much easier to follow that the previous code.

...
>> library(RODBC)
>> .con <- odbcConnectAccess("./test2.mdb") (.d <-
try(sqlQuery(.con,
>> "select * from Tab1")))
>  F1 NO F2
> 1  1  1  1
> 2  2  2  2
> 3  0 NA  1
> 4  1  0  0
>> (.d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, "select F1 , NO , F2 from
Tab1")))
>  F1 Expr1001 F2
> 1  1        0  1
> 2  2        0  2
> 3  0        0  1
> 4  1        0  0
>> close(.con)
>
> So the problem occurs if the column names are specified within the query.
> Is the query "select F1 , NO , F2 from Tab1" invalid?
I believe so. 'NO' is an SQL92 and ODBC reserved word, at least
according to http://www.bairdgroup.com/reservedwords.cfm

See also http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;286335
which says

   For existing objects with names that contain reserved words, you can
   avoid errors by surrounding the object name with brackets ([ ]).

and lists 'NO' as a reserved word.  RODBC quotes all column names it
uses to be sure (and knows about most non-standard quoting mechanisms from the
ODBC driver in use).  But this was a query you generated and so you need to do
the quoting.
> Regarding the memory issue, I _knew_ that there must be a reason for 
> the running out of memory space. Sorry for not being more specific. My 
> question than is:
>
> Is there a way to 'reset' the environment without quitting R and 
> restarting it?
Sorry, no.  You cannot move objects in memory.

But why '477Mb' is coming up is still unexplained, and suggests that the
machine has a peculiar amount of memory or some flag has been used.

>
> Thank you for your help.
>
> Kind regards,
> Maciej
>
>
> -----Urspr?ngliche Nachricht-----
> Von: Prof Brian Ripley [mailto:ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk]
> Gesendet: Dienstag, 14. August 2007 11:51
> An: Maciej Hoffman-Wecker
> Cc: r-help at stat.math.ethz.ch
> Betreff: Re: [R] Import of Access data via RODBC changes column name
("NO" to "Expr1014") and the content of the column
>
> On Tue, 14 Aug 2007, Maciej Hoffman-Wecker wrote:
>
>>
>> Dear all,
>>
>> I have some problems with importing data from an Access data base via
>> RODBC to R. The data base contains several tables, which all are
>> imported consecutively. One table has a column with column name
"NO".
>> If I run the code attached on the bottom of the mail I get no
>> complain, but the column name (name of the respective vector of the
>> data.frame) is "Expr1014" instead of "NO".
Additionally the original
>> column (type
>> "text") containes "0"s and missings, but the
imported column contains
>> "0"s only (type "int"). If I change the column name
in the Access data
>> base to "NOx", the import works fine with the right name and
the same
>> data.
>>
>> Previously I generated a tiny Access data base which reproduced the
>> problem. To be on the safe site I installed the latest version (2.5.1)
>> and now the example works fine, but within my production process the
>> error still remaines. An import into excel via ODBC works fine.
>>
>> So there is no way to figure it out whether this is a bug or a
>> feature.-)
>
> It's most likely an ODBC issue, but you have not provided a
reproducible example.
>
>> The second problem I have is that when I rerun "rm(list = ls(all
>> T)); gc()" and the import several times I get the following error:
>>
>> Error in odbcTables(channel) : Calloc could not allocate (263168 of 1)
>> memory In addition: Warning messages:
>> 1: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
>> odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time)
>> 2: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
>> odbcQuery(channel, query, rows_at_time)
>> 3: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
>> odbcTables(channel)
>> 4: Reached total allocation of 447Mb: see help(memory.size) in:
>> odbcTables(channel)
>>
>> which is surprising to me, as the first two statements should delete
>> all
>
> How do you _know _what they 'should' do?  That only deletes all
objects in the workspace, not all objects in R, and not all memory blocks used
by R.
>
> Please do read ?"Memory-limits" for the possible reasons.
>
> Where did '447Mb' come from?  If this machine has less than 2Gb of
RAM, buy some more.
>
>
>> objects and recover the memory. Is this only a matter of memory? Is
>> there any logging that reduces the memory? Or is this issue connected
to
>> the upper problem?
>>
>> I added the code on the bottom - maybe there is some kind of misuse I
>> lost sight of. Any hints are appreciated.
>>
>> Kind regards,
>> Maciej
>>
>>> version
>>               _
>> platform       i386-pc-mingw32
>> arch           i386
>> os             mingw32
>> system         i386, mingw32
>> status
>> major          2
>> minor          5.1
>> year           2007
>> month          06
>> day            27
>> svn rev        42083
>> language       R
>> version.string R version 2.5.1 (2007-06-27)
>>
>>
>> ## code
>>
>> get.table <- function(name, db, drop = NULL){
>>  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
>>  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
>>  ## exclude memo columns
>>  .t <- try(sqlColumns(.con, name))
>>  if(inherits(.t, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.t)}
>>  .t <- .t[.t$"COLUMN_SIZE" < 255,
"COLUMN_NAME"]
>>  .t <- paste(.t, collapse = ",")
>>  ## get table
>>  .t <- paste("select", .t, "from", name)
>>  .d <- try(sqlQuery(.con, .t), silent = T)
>>  if(inherits(.d, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.d)}
>>  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
>>  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
>>  .d <- .d[!names(.d) %in% drop]
>>  return(.d)
>> }
>>
>> get.alltables <- function(db){
>>  .con <- try(odbcConnectAccess(db), silent = T)
>>  if(!inherits(.con, "RODBC")) return(.con)
>>  .tbls <- try(sqlTables(.con)[["TABLE_NAME"]])
>>  if(inherits(.tbls, "try-error")){close(.con); return(.tbls)}
>>  .con <- try(close(.con), silent = T)
>>  if(inherits(.con, "try-error")) return(.con)
>>  .tbls <- .tbls[-grep("^MSys", .tbls)]
>>  .d <- lapply(seq(along = .tbls), function(.i){
>>    .d <-
>>      try(get.table(.tbls[.i], db = db))
>>    return(invisible(.d))
>>  })
>>  names(.d) <- .tbls
>>  .ok <- !sapply(.d, inherits, "try-error")
>>  return(list(notdone = .d[!.ok], data = .d[.ok]))
>> }
>>
>> library(RODBC)
>>
>> alldata <- get.alltables(db = "./myaccessdb.MDB")
>>
>> ## code end
>>
>> ______________________________________________
>> R-help at stat.math.ethz.ch mailing list
>> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help
>> PLEASE do read the posting guide
http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html
>> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
>>
>
>
-- 
Brian D. Ripley,                  ripley at stats.ox.ac.uk
Professor of Applied Statistics,  http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~ripley/
University of Oxford,             Tel:  +44 1865 272861 (self)
1 South Parks Road,                     +44 1865 272866 (PA)
Oxford OX1 3TG, UK                Fax:  +44 1865 272595