How do you extend factor() without abstract data types? The idea is to have factor (x, TYPE) to transform all or selected components of x to factor TYPE. Value: a data structure of same type as x, with factor-like components transformed to be like TYPE. In the Pascal family, you would define an abstract data type. In R, the best seems to be to provide a prototype example. This should be fail-save, and maybe a candidate to extend the base factor() function. A draft that can handle a very limited range of cases is in <http:///sintro.r-forge.r-project.org/sprof/asfactormodel.R> and documented in <http:///sintro.r-forge.r-project.org/sprof/sprof_internal.pdf>. Comments and recommendations are welcome. gs. -- G. Sawitzki StatLab Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 294 D 69120 Heidelberg Tel. (+49) 62 21 - 54 89 79 Fax (+49) 62 21 - 54 53 31 <http://www.statlab.uni-heidelberg.de/users/gs/>