Hi there, I have a experimental design as following: P A B Y 1 1 1 1 -0.18524045 2 1 1 2 -1.64226232 3 2 2 1 -0.51342697 4 2 2 2 -0.29684874 5 3 3 1 0.71566733 6 3 3 2 -1.06097480 7 4 4 1 0.05772670 8 4 4 2 0.99316677 9 5 1 1 -0.61860414 10 5 1 2 0.50257548 11 6 2 1 -0.33761079 12 6 2 2 0.43147661 13 7 3 1 0.06946383 14 7 3 2 0.85383454 15 8 4 1 0.90484162 16 8 4 2 -0.51943748 17 9 1 1 0.65379758 18 9 1 2 0.08579220 19 10 2 1 -1.71654785 20 10 2 2 -1.35651463 21 11 3 1 0.78819475 22 11 3 2 0.50247178 23 12 4 1 -0.44911823 24 12 4 2 -1.48756811 here, P is the block randomly choose from a large experimental site. A and B are the two factors. Y is the result of experiment, here just random number using rnorm(24). As being told, this experimental design is: A and B are crossed; and Plot is nested in A and crossed with B. I try to analyze the data using aov(): aov(Y~A*B + Error(P%in%A), data =df) it give the following message: Estimated effects may be unbalanced Warning message: In aov(Y ~ A * B + Error(P %in% A), data = df) : Error() model is singular However, when I using the following code: aov(Y~A*B + Error(P), data =df) it gives the same result, but doesn't give the warning. I hope to know what's the difference between the two formula. Any suggestions or comments will be really appreciated. Thanks in advance. Regards, Jinsong