Hi, I was wondering if the following model can be fitted by nlme/lme4. The difficult part is that the error term is combined with other parameters. The model that we need to fit is as below and the R codes to generate data is provided as well. Many thanks!!! # Y_{ijk} = (E_0 + Emax*dose_i/(ED_50+dose_i) + S_{ij} + e_{ijk})*(1-exp(k*X_{ijk}))/(1-exp(k*d)); ## Parameters to be estimated E0, Emax, ED50, sigma_S, sigma_e, kn Patients <- 100; # 100 patients nVisit <- 12; # total 12 visit d <- 6; # 6 month study dose <- c(0,5,10,20,40,100,200); visits <- seq(6/12,6,by = 6/12); # true parameters E0 <- 2; Emax <- 20; ED50 <- 10; sigma_S <- 5; sigma_e <- 4; k <- -1; dataM <- matrix(NA, nrow = nPatients*nVisit, ncol= 4); for(iter in 1:nPatients){ dose_i <- sample(dose,1); S_i <- rep(rnorm(n=1, mean=0, sd=sigma_S),nVisit); # random effect for this patients e_i <- rnorm(n=nVisit, mean=0, sd=sigma_e); response_i <- (E0+Emax*dose_i/(ED50+dose_i)+S_i+e_i)*(1-exp(k*visits))/(1-exp(k*d)); patients_i <- cbind(rep(iter,nVisit),rep(dose_i,nVisit),visits,response_i); dataM[(nVisit*(iter-1)+1):(nVisit*(iter-1)+nVisit),] <- patients_i; } colnames(dataM) <- c("PatientID","Dose","VisitTime","Response") Best, Haoda