Hi, I tried out the ToDo List tutorial, and curious to explore further to learn more abt Rails. a) I added the following validation rules in the Todo model: class Todo < ActiveRecord::Base validates_presence_of :description b) In my Todo controller, I modified the ''add_item'' action: def list @not_done = Todo.find_not_done @done = Todo.find_done end def add_item @item = Todo.new @item.attributes = @params["new_item"] if @item.save redirect_to(:action => "list") else render_action "list" # <-- modified end end c) In my view, I added the following: <% unless @item == nil or @item.errors.empty? %> The item couldn''t be saved due to these errors: <ul> <% @item.errors.each_full do |message| %> <li><%= message %></li> <% end %> </ul> <% end %> Now by adding an empty description, the validation rule takes effect and display the error message "Description can''t be empty". However, the @not_done and @done objects now become ''nil'' in my view. Why is this so? I assume the ''list'' method will be called when render_action is invoked. Any tips or advice is much appreciated!:)