When the rx buffer is too small for a packet, we will discard the vq
descriptor and retry it for the next packet:
while ((sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk,
&busyloop_intr))) {
...
/* On overrun, truncate and discard */
if (unlikely(headcount > UIO_MAXIOV)) {
iov_iter_init(&msg.msg_iter, READ, vq->iov, 1, 1);
err = sock->ops->recvmsg(sock, &msg,
1, MSG_DONTWAIT | MSG_TRUNC);
pr_debug("Discarded rx packet: len %zd\n", sock_len);
continue;
}
...
}
This makes it possible to trigger a infinite while..continue loop
through the co-opreation of two VMs like:
1) Malicious VM1 allocate 1 byte rx buffer and try to slow down the
vhost process as much as possible e.g using indirect descriptors or
other.
2) Malicious VM2 generate packets to VM1 as fast as possible
Fixing this by checking against weight at the end of RX and TX
loop. This also eliminate other similar cases when:
- userspace is consuming the packets in the meanwhile
- theoretical TOCTOU attack if guest moving avail index back and forth
to hit the continue after vhost find guest just add new buffers
This addresses CVE-2019-3900.
Fixes: d8316f3991d20 ("vhost: fix total length when packets are too
short")
Fixes: 3a4d5c94e9593 ("vhost_net: a kernel-level virtio server")
Signed-off-by: Jason Wang <jasowang at redhat.com>
---
drivers/vhost/net.c | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
diff --git a/drivers/vhost/net.c b/drivers/vhost/net.c
index df51a35..fb46e6b 100644
--- a/drivers/vhost/net.c
+++ b/drivers/vhost/net.c
@@ -778,8 +778,9 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct
socket *sock)
int err;
int sent_pkts = 0;
bool sock_can_batch = (sock->sk->sk_sndbuf == INT_MAX);
+ bool next_round = false;
- for (;;) {
+ do {
bool busyloop_intr = false;
if (nvq->done_idx == VHOST_NET_BATCH)
@@ -845,11 +846,10 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct
socket *sock)
vq->heads[nvq->done_idx].id = cpu_to_vhost32(vq, head);
vq->heads[nvq->done_idx].len = 0;
++nvq->done_idx;
- if (vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len)) {
- vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll);
- break;
- }
- }
+ } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len)));
+
+ if (next_round)
+ vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll);
vhost_tx_batch(net, nvq, sock, &msg);
}
@@ -873,8 +873,9 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net, struct
socket *sock)
struct vhost_net_ubuf_ref *uninitialized_var(ubufs);
bool zcopy_used;
int sent_pkts = 0;
+ bool next_round = false;
- for (;;) {
+ do {
bool busyloop_intr;
/* Release DMAs done buffers first */
@@ -951,11 +952,10 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net,
struct socket *sock)
else
vhost_zerocopy_signal_used(net, vq);
vhost_net_tx_packet(net);
- if (unlikely(vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len))) {
- vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll);
- break;
- }
- }
+ } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len)));
+
+ if (next_round)
+ vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll);
}
/* Expects to be always run from workqueue - which acts as
@@ -1134,6 +1134,7 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net)
struct iov_iter fixup;
__virtio16 num_buffers;
int recv_pkts = 0;
+ bool next_round = false;
mutex_lock_nested(&vq->mutex, VHOST_NET_VQ_RX);
sock = vq->private_data;
@@ -1153,8 +1154,11 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net)
vq->log : NULL;
mergeable = vhost_has_feature(vq, VIRTIO_NET_F_MRG_RXBUF);
- while ((sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk,
- &busyloop_intr))) {
+ do {
+ sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk,
+ &busyloop_intr);
+ if (!sock_len)
+ break;
sock_len += sock_hlen;
vhost_len = sock_len + vhost_hlen;
headcount = get_rx_bufs(vq, vq->heads + nvq->done_idx,
@@ -1239,12 +1243,9 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net)
vhost_log_write(vq, vq_log, log, vhost_len,
vq->iov, in);
total_len += vhost_len;
- if (unlikely(vhost_exceeds_weight(++recv_pkts, total_len))) {
- vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll);
- goto out;
- }
- }
- if (unlikely(busyloop_intr))
+ } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++recv_pkts, total_len)));
+
+ if (unlikely(busyloop_intr || next_round))
vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll);
else
vhost_net_enable_vq(net, vq);
--
1.8.3.1
Michael S. Tsirkin
2019-Apr-25 17:52 UTC
[PATCH net] vhost_net: fix possible infinite loop
On Thu, Apr 25, 2019 at 03:33:19AM -0400, Jason Wang wrote:> When the rx buffer is too small for a packet, we will discard the vq > descriptor and retry it for the next packet: > > while ((sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk, > &busyloop_intr))) { > ... > /* On overrun, truncate and discard */ > if (unlikely(headcount > UIO_MAXIOV)) { > iov_iter_init(&msg.msg_iter, READ, vq->iov, 1, 1); > err = sock->ops->recvmsg(sock, &msg, > 1, MSG_DONTWAIT | MSG_TRUNC); > pr_debug("Discarded rx packet: len %zd\n", sock_len); > continue; > } > ... > } > > This makes it possible to trigger a infinite while..continue loop > through the co-opreation of two VMs like: > > 1) Malicious VM1 allocate 1 byte rx buffer and try to slow down the > vhost process as much as possible e.g using indirect descriptors or > other. > 2) Malicious VM2 generate packets to VM1 as fast as possible > > Fixing this by checking against weight at the end of RX and TX > loop. This also eliminate other similar cases when: > > - userspace is consuming the packets in the meanwhile > - theoretical TOCTOU attack if guest moving avail index back and forth > to hit the continue after vhost find guest just add new buffers > > This addresses CVE-2019-3900. > > Fixes: d8316f3991d20 ("vhost: fix total length when packets are too short")I agree this is the real issue.> Fixes: 3a4d5c94e9593 ("vhost_net: a kernel-level virtio server")This is just a red herring imho. We can stick this on any vhost patch :)> Signed-off-by: Jason Wang <jasowang at redhat.com>> --- > drivers/vhost/net.c | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------------- > 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) > > diff --git a/drivers/vhost/net.c b/drivers/vhost/net.c > index df51a35..fb46e6b 100644 > --- a/drivers/vhost/net.c > +++ b/drivers/vhost/net.c > @@ -778,8 +778,9 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) > int err; > int sent_pkts = 0; > bool sock_can_batch = (sock->sk->sk_sndbuf == INT_MAX); > + bool next_round = false; > > - for (;;) { > + do { > bool busyloop_intr = false; > > if (nvq->done_idx == VHOST_NET_BATCH) > @@ -845,11 +846,10 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) > vq->heads[nvq->done_idx].id = cpu_to_vhost32(vq, head); > vq->heads[nvq->done_idx].len = 0; > ++nvq->done_idx; > - if (vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len)) { > - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > - break; > - } > - } > + } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len))); > + > + if (next_round) > + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > > vhost_tx_batch(net, nvq, sock, &msg); > } > @@ -873,8 +873,9 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) > struct vhost_net_ubuf_ref *uninitialized_var(ubufs); > bool zcopy_used; > int sent_pkts = 0; > + bool next_round = false; > > - for (;;) { > + do { > bool busyloop_intr; > > /* Release DMAs done buffers first */ > @@ -951,11 +952,10 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) > else > vhost_zerocopy_signal_used(net, vq); > vhost_net_tx_packet(net); > - if (unlikely(vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len))) { > - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > - break; > - } > - } > + } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len))); > + > + if (next_round) > + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > } > > /* Expects to be always run from workqueue - which acts as > @@ -1134,6 +1134,7 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) > struct iov_iter fixup; > __virtio16 num_buffers; > int recv_pkts = 0; > + bool next_round = false; > > mutex_lock_nested(&vq->mutex, VHOST_NET_VQ_RX); > sock = vq->private_data; > @@ -1153,8 +1154,11 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) > vq->log : NULL; > mergeable = vhost_has_feature(vq, VIRTIO_NET_F_MRG_RXBUF); > > - while ((sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk, > - &busyloop_intr))) { > + do { > + sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk, > + &busyloop_intr); > + if (!sock_len) > + break; > sock_len += sock_hlen; > vhost_len = sock_len + vhost_hlen; > headcount = get_rx_bufs(vq, vq->heads + nvq->done_idx, > @@ -1239,12 +1243,9 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) > vhost_log_write(vq, vq_log, log, vhost_len, > vq->iov, in); > total_len += vhost_len; > - if (unlikely(vhost_exceeds_weight(++recv_pkts, total_len))) { > - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > - goto out; > - } > - } > - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) > + } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++recv_pkts, total_len))); > + > + if (unlikely(busyloop_intr || next_round)) > vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > else > vhost_net_enable_vq(net, vq);I'm afraid with this addition the code is too much like spagetty. What does next_round mean? Just that we are breaking out of loop? That is what goto is for... Either let's have for(;;) with goto/break to get outside or a while loop with a condition. Both is just unreadable. All these checks in 3 places are exactly the same on all paths and they are slow path. Why don't we put this in a function? E.g. like the below. Warning: completely untested. Signed-off-by: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst at redhat.com> --- diff --git a/drivers/vhost/net.c b/drivers/vhost/net.c index df51a35cf537..a0f89a504cd9 100644 --- a/drivers/vhost/net.c +++ b/drivers/vhost/net.c @@ -761,6 +761,23 @@ static int vhost_net_build_xdp(struct vhost_net_virtqueue *nvq, return 0; } +/* Returns true if caller needs to go back and re-read the ring. */ +static bool empty_ring(struct vhost_net *net, struct vhost_virtqueue *vq, + int pkts, size_t total_len, bool busyloop_intr) +{ + if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); + } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, vq))) { + /* They have slipped one in meanwhile: check again. */ + vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); + if (!vhost_exceeds_weight(pkts, total_len)) + return true; + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); + } + /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us they refilled. */ + return false; +} + static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) { struct vhost_net_virtqueue *nvq = &net->vqs[VHOST_NET_VQ_TX]; @@ -790,15 +807,10 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) /* On error, stop handling until the next kick. */ if (unlikely(head < 0)) break; - /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us they refilled. */ if (head == vq->num) { - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); - } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, - vq))) { - vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); + if (unlikely(empty_ring(net, vq, ++sent_pkts, + total_len, busyloop_intr))) continue; - } break; } @@ -886,14 +898,10 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) /* On error, stop handling until the next kick. */ if (unlikely(head < 0)) break; - /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us they refilled. */ if (head == vq->num) { - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); - } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, vq))) { - vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); + if (unlikely(empty_ring(net, vq, ++sent_pkts, + total_len, busyloop_intr))) continue; - } break; } @@ -1163,18 +1171,10 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) /* On error, stop handling until the next kick. */ if (unlikely(headcount < 0)) goto out; - /* OK, now we need to know about added descriptors. */ if (!headcount) { - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); - } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, vq))) { - /* They have slipped one in as we were - * doing that: check again. */ - vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); - continue; - } - /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us - * they refilled. */ + if (unlikely(empty_ring(net, vq, ++recv_pkts, + total_len, busyloop_intr))) + continue; goto out; } busyloop_intr = false;> -- > 1.8.3.1
On 2019/4/26 ??1:52, Michael S. Tsirkin wrote:> On Thu, Apr 25, 2019 at 03:33:19AM -0400, Jason Wang wrote: >> When the rx buffer is too small for a packet, we will discard the vq >> descriptor and retry it for the next packet: >> >> while ((sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk, >> &busyloop_intr))) { >> ... >> /* On overrun, truncate and discard */ >> if (unlikely(headcount > UIO_MAXIOV)) { >> iov_iter_init(&msg.msg_iter, READ, vq->iov, 1, 1); >> err = sock->ops->recvmsg(sock, &msg, >> 1, MSG_DONTWAIT | MSG_TRUNC); >> pr_debug("Discarded rx packet: len %zd\n", sock_len); >> continue; >> } >> ... >> } >> >> This makes it possible to trigger a infinite while..continue loop >> through the co-opreation of two VMs like: >> >> 1) Malicious VM1 allocate 1 byte rx buffer and try to slow down the >> vhost process as much as possible e.g using indirect descriptors or >> other. >> 2) Malicious VM2 generate packets to VM1 as fast as possible >> >> Fixing this by checking against weight at the end of RX and TX >> loop. This also eliminate other similar cases when: >> >> - userspace is consuming the packets in the meanwhile >> - theoretical TOCTOU attack if guest moving avail index back and forth >> to hit the continue after vhost find guest just add new buffers >> >> This addresses CVE-2019-3900. >> >> Fixes: d8316f3991d20 ("vhost: fix total length when packets are too short") > I agree this is the real issue. > >> Fixes: 3a4d5c94e9593 ("vhost_net: a kernel-level virtio server") > This is just a red herring imho. We can stick this on any vhost patch :) > >> Signed-off-by: Jason Wang <jasowang at redhat.com> >> --- >> drivers/vhost/net.c | 41 +++++++++++++++++++++-------------------- >> 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) >> >> diff --git a/drivers/vhost/net.c b/drivers/vhost/net.c >> index df51a35..fb46e6b 100644 >> --- a/drivers/vhost/net.c >> +++ b/drivers/vhost/net.c >> @@ -778,8 +778,9 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) >> int err; >> int sent_pkts = 0; >> bool sock_can_batch = (sock->sk->sk_sndbuf == INT_MAX); >> + bool next_round = false; >> >> - for (;;) { >> + do { >> bool busyloop_intr = false; >> >> if (nvq->done_idx == VHOST_NET_BATCH) >> @@ -845,11 +846,10 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) >> vq->heads[nvq->done_idx].id = cpu_to_vhost32(vq, head); >> vq->heads[nvq->done_idx].len = 0; >> ++nvq->done_idx; >> - if (vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len)) { >> - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); >> - break; >> - } >> - } >> + } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len))); >> + >> + if (next_round) >> + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); >> >> vhost_tx_batch(net, nvq, sock, &msg); >> } >> @@ -873,8 +873,9 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) >> struct vhost_net_ubuf_ref *uninitialized_var(ubufs); >> bool zcopy_used; >> int sent_pkts = 0; >> + bool next_round = false; >> >> - for (;;) { >> + do { >> bool busyloop_intr; >> >> /* Release DMAs done buffers first */ >> @@ -951,11 +952,10 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) >> else >> vhost_zerocopy_signal_used(net, vq); >> vhost_net_tx_packet(net); >> - if (unlikely(vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len))) { >> - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); >> - break; >> - } >> - } >> + } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++sent_pkts, total_len))); >> + >> + if (next_round) >> + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); >> } >> >> /* Expects to be always run from workqueue - which acts as >> @@ -1134,6 +1134,7 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) >> struct iov_iter fixup; >> __virtio16 num_buffers; >> int recv_pkts = 0; >> + bool next_round = false; >> >> mutex_lock_nested(&vq->mutex, VHOST_NET_VQ_RX); >> sock = vq->private_data; >> @@ -1153,8 +1154,11 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) >> vq->log : NULL; >> mergeable = vhost_has_feature(vq, VIRTIO_NET_F_MRG_RXBUF); >> >> - while ((sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk, >> - &busyloop_intr))) { >> + do { >> + sock_len = vhost_net_rx_peek_head_len(net, sock->sk, >> + &busyloop_intr); >> + if (!sock_len) >> + break; >> sock_len += sock_hlen; >> vhost_len = sock_len + vhost_hlen; >> headcount = get_rx_bufs(vq, vq->heads + nvq->done_idx, >> @@ -1239,12 +1243,9 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) >> vhost_log_write(vq, vq_log, log, vhost_len, >> vq->iov, in); >> total_len += vhost_len; >> - if (unlikely(vhost_exceeds_weight(++recv_pkts, total_len))) { >> - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); >> - goto out; >> - } >> - } >> - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) >> + } while (!(next_round = vhost_exceeds_weight(++recv_pkts, total_len))); >> + >> + if (unlikely(busyloop_intr || next_round)) >> vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); >> else >> vhost_net_enable_vq(net, vq); > > I'm afraid with this addition the code is too much like spagetty. What > does next_round mean? Just that we are breaking out of loop?Yes, we can have a better name of course.> That is > what goto is for... Either let's have for(;;) with goto/break to get > outside or a while loop with a condition. Both is just unreadable. > > All these checks in 3 places are exactly the same on all paths and they > are slow path. Why don't we put this in a function?The point I think is, we want the weight to be checked in both fast path and slow path.> E.g. like the below. > Warning: completely untested. > > Signed-off-by: Michael S. Tsirkin <mst at redhat.com> > > --- > > diff --git a/drivers/vhost/net.c b/drivers/vhost/net.c > index df51a35cf537..a0f89a504cd9 100644 > --- a/drivers/vhost/net.c > +++ b/drivers/vhost/net.c > @@ -761,6 +761,23 @@ static int vhost_net_build_xdp(struct vhost_net_virtqueue *nvq, > return 0; > } > > +/* Returns true if caller needs to go back and re-read the ring. */ > +static bool empty_ring(struct vhost_net *net, struct vhost_virtqueue *vq, > + int pkts, size_t total_len, bool busyloop_intr) > +{ > + if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { > + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > + } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, vq))) { > + /* They have slipped one in meanwhile: check again. */ > + vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); > + if (!vhost_exceeds_weight(pkts, total_len)) > + return true; > + vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > + } > + /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us they refilled. */ > + return false; > +}Ring empy is not the only places that needs care. E.g for RX, we need care about overrun and when userspace is consuming the packet in the same time. So there's no need to toggle vq notification in those two.> + > static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) > { > struct vhost_net_virtqueue *nvq = &net->vqs[VHOST_NET_VQ_TX]; > @@ -790,15 +807,10 @@ static void handle_tx_copy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) > /* On error, stop handling until the next kick. */ > if (unlikely(head < 0)) > break; > - /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us they refilled. */ > if (head == vq->num) { > - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { > - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > - } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, > - vq))) { > - vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); > + if (unlikely(empty_ring(net, vq, ++sent_pkts, > + total_len, busyloop_intr))) > continue; > - } > break; > } > > @@ -886,14 +898,10 @@ static void handle_tx_zerocopy(struct vhost_net *net, struct socket *sock) > /* On error, stop handling until the next kick. */ > if (unlikely(head < 0)) > break; > - /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us they refilled. */ > if (head == vq->num) { > - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { > - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > - } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, vq))) { > - vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); > + if (unlikely(empty_ring(net, vq, ++sent_pkts, > + total_len, busyloop_intr))) > continue; > - } > break; > } > > @@ -1163,18 +1171,10 @@ static void handle_rx(struct vhost_net *net) > /* On error, stop handling until the next kick. */ > if (unlikely(headcount < 0)) > goto out; > - /* OK, now we need to know about added descriptors. */ > if (!headcount) { > - if (unlikely(busyloop_intr)) { > - vhost_poll_queue(&vq->poll); > - } else if (unlikely(vhost_enable_notify(&net->dev, vq))) { > - /* They have slipped one in as we were > - * doing that: check again. */ > - vhost_disable_notify(&net->dev, vq); > - continue; > - } > - /* Nothing new? Wait for eventfd to tell us > - * they refilled. */ > + if (unlikely(empty_ring(net, vq, ++recv_pkts, > + total_len, busyloop_intr))) > + continue; > goto out; > } > busyloop_intr = false;The patch misses several other continue that need cares and there's another call of vhost_exceeds_weight() at the end of the loop. So instead of duplicating check everywhere like: for (;;) { ??? if (condition_x) { ??? ??? if (empty_ring()) ??? ??? ??? continue; ??? ??? break; ??? } ??? if (condition_y) { ??? ??? if (empty_ring()); ??? ??? ??? continue; ??? ??? break; ??? } ??? if (condition_z) { ??? ??? if (empty_ring()) ??? ??? ??? continue; ??? ??? break; ??? } } What this patch did: do { ?? if (condition_x) ??? continue; ?? if (condition_y) ??? continue; ?? if (condition_z) ??? continue; } while(!need_break()) is much more compact and easier to read? Thanks> >> -- >> 1.8.3.1