thr3ads.net - CentOS - [CentOS] /dev/md1 => 93% Used. Warning. Disk Filling up. - what would be safe to delete in /boot ? [Feb 2018]

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Alexander Farber

2018-Feb-07 08:54 UTC

[CentOS] /dev/md1 => 93% Used. Warning. Disk Filling up. - what would be safe to delete in /boot ?

Hello CentOS users,

in the recent time I keep getting the logwatch warnings from my 2 dedicated
servers running CentOS 7.4.1708.

I guess because of the numerous kernel updates (because of
Spectre+Meltdown) in the near past?

Could someone please suggest me, which files in my /boot partition would be
safe to delete?

I would like to avoid the situation of having to boot the rescue partiton
etc. remotely... and at the same time I am not proficient with grub or
whatever my provider has configured my dedicated hosts to use...

#  ls -al /boot
total 427877
dr-xr-xr-x.  6 root root     6144 28. Jan 10:33 .
dr-xr-xr-x  18 root root     4096  7. Feb 03:34 ..
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   140899  5. Dez 01:04
config-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   140915  4. Jan 02:19
config-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   140915 25. Jan 21:26
config-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   140898 13. Sep 00:38
config-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   140898 20. Okt 22:56
config-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64
drwxr-xr-x   3 root root     1024 15. Sep 09:43 efi
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root     1024 11. Apr 2016  grub
drwx------.  5 root root     1024 28. Jan 10:31 grub2
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root 40142116 15. Dez 2015
initramfs-0-rescue-34946d7b5edb0946bfb52c0f6cae67af.img
-rw-------   1 root root 50402914  6. Dez 09:23
initramfs-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64.img
-rw-------   1 root root 18149718  6. Dez 09:24
initramfs-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64kdump.img
-rw-------   1 root root 50405879  5. Jan 09:02
initramfs-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64.img
-rw-------   1 root root 18150336  5. Jan 09:04
initramfs-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64kdump.img
-rw-------   1 root root 50402830 28. Jan 10:31
initramfs-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64.img
-rw-------   1 root root 18147918 28. Jan 10:33
initramfs-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64kdump.img
-rw-------   1 root root 50341850 15. Sep 09:45
initramfs-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64.img
-rw-------   1 root root 18147818 22. Okt 10:07
initramfs-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64kdump.img
-rw-------   1 root root 50393743 24. Okt 09:39
initramfs-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64.img
-rw-------   1 root root 18146720 24. Okt 09:40
initramfs-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64kdump.img
-rw-r--r--.  1 root root   611928 15. Sep 09:45 initrd-plymouth.img
drwx------   2 root root    12288 25. Mai 2016  lost+found
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   293093  5. Dez 01:07
symvers-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   293110  4. Jan 02:21
symvers-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   293109 25. Jan 21:28
symvers-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   293064 13. Sep 00:40
symvers-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64.gz
-rw-r--r--   1 root root   293084 20. Okt 22:59
symvers-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64.gz
-rw-------   1 root root  3228852  5. Dez 01:04
System.map-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64
-rw-------   1 root root  3232490  4. Jan 02:19
System.map-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64
-rw-------   1 root root  3232454 25. Jan 21:26
System.map-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64
-rw-------   1 root root  3228852 13. Sep 00:38
System.map-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64
-rw-------   1 root root  3228852 20. Okt 22:56
System.map-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64
-rwxr-xr-x.  1 root root  5156528 15. Dez 2015
vmlinuz-0-rescue-34946d7b5edb0946bfb52c0f6cae67af
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root root  5877504  5. Dez 01:05
vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root      171  5. Dez 01:05
.vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64.hmac
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root root  5889728  4. Jan 02:19
vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root      171  4. Jan 02:19
.vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64.hmac
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root root  5890720 25. Jan 21:26
vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root      171 25. Jan 21:26
.vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64.hmac
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root root  5878848 13. Sep 00:38
vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root      170 13. Sep 00:38
.vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64.hmac
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root root  5878368 20. Okt 22:56
vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64
-rw-r--r--   1 root root      170 20. Okt 22:56
.vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64.hmac

#  cat /etc/grub2.cfg
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
set pager=1

if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
  load_env
fi
if [ "${next_entry}" ] ; then
   set default="${next_entry}"
   set next_entry   save_env next_entry
   set boot_once=true
else
   set default="${saved_entry}"
fi

if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
  menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
  menuentry_id_option=""
fi

export menuentry_id_option

if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
  set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
  save_env saved_entry
  set prev_saved_entry  save_env prev_saved_entry
  set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
  if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
    saved_entry="${chosen}"
    save_env saved_entry
  fi
}

function load_video {
  if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
    insmod all_video
  else
    insmod efi_gop
    insmod efi_uga
    insmod ieee1275_fb
    insmod vbe
    insmod vga
    insmod video_bochs
    insmod video_cirrus
  fi
}

terminal_output console
if [ x$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
  set timeout_style=menu
  set timeout=5
# Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
# unavailable.
else
  set timeout=5
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_tuned ###
set tuned_params=""
### END /etc/grub.d/00_tuned ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/01_users ###
if [ -f ${prefix}/user.cfg ]; then
  source ${prefix}/user.cfg
  if [ -n "${GRUB2_PASSWORD}" ]; then
    set superusers="root"
    export superusers
    password_pbkdf2 root ${GRUB2_PASSWORD}
  fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/01_users ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class
centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted
$menuentry_id_option
'gnulinux-3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64-advanced-2a4bc862-eb7a-46b1-8979-d19c873dca3b'
{
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod diskfilter
        insmod mdraid1x
        insmod ext2
        set root='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
--hint='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/md/2 ro
nomodeset rd.auto=1 crashkernel=auto LANG=en_US.UTF-8
        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-693.17.1.el7.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class
centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted
$menuentry_id_option
'gnulinux-3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64-advanced-2a4bc862-eb7a-46b1-8979-d19c873dca3b'
{
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod diskfilter
        insmod mdraid1x
        insmod ext2
        set root='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
--hint='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/md/2 ro
nomodeset rd.auto=1 crashkernel=auto LANG=en_US.UTF-8
        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-693.11.6.el7.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class
centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted
$menuentry_id_option
'gnulinux-3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64-advanced-2a4bc862-eb7a-46b1-8979-d19c873dca3b'
{
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod diskfilter
        insmod mdraid1x
        insmod ext2
        set root='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
--hint='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/md/2 ro
nomodeset rd.auto=1 crashkernel=auto LANG=en_US.UTF-8
        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-693.11.1.el7.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class
centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted
$menuentry_id_option
'gnulinux-3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64-advanced-2a4bc862-eb7a-46b1-8979-d19c873dca3b'
{
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod diskfilter
        insmod mdraid1x
        insmod ext2
        set root='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
--hint='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/md/2 ro
nomodeset rd.auto=1 crashkernel=auto LANG=en_US.UTF-8
        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class
centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted
$menuentry_id_option
'gnulinux-3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64-advanced-2a4bc862-eb7a-46b1-8979-d19c873dca3b'
{
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod diskfilter
        insmod mdraid1x
        insmod ext2
        set root='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
--hint='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64 root=/dev/md/2 ro
nomodeset rd.auto=1 crashkernel=auto LANG=en_US.UTF-8
        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (0-rescue-34946d7b5edb0946bfb52c0f6cae67af) 7
(Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os
--unrestricted $menuentry_id_option
'gnulinux-0-rescue-34946d7b5edb0946bfb52c0f6cae67af-advanced-2a4bc862-eb7a-46b1-8979-d19c873dca3b'
{
        load_video
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod diskfilter
        insmod mdraid1x
        insmod ext2
        set root='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
--hint='mduuid/84bbf877f8bd0f7aa0c64064178966b4'
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root
2206a439-5490-46d0-8d5e-9da8962924df
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-0-rescue-34946d7b5edb0946bfb52c0f6cae67af
root=UUID=2a4bc862-eb7a-46b1-8979-d19c873dca3b ro nomodeset rd.auto=1
crashkernel=auto
        initrd16 /initramfs-0-rescue-34946d7b5edb0946bfb52c0f6cae67af.img
}
if [ "x$default" = 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64) 7
(Core)' ];
then default='Advanced options for CentOS Linux>CentOS Linux
(3.10.0-327.13.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)'; fi;
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_ppc_terminfo ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_ppc_terminfo ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type
the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f  ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
  source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
  source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###

Thank you for any hints
Alex

Pete Biggs

2018-Feb-07 09:16 UTC

head link

[CentOS] /dev/md1 => 93% Used. Warning. Disk Filling up. - what would be safe to delete in /boot ?

> Could someone please suggest me, which files in my /boot partition would be
> safe to delete?
Don't "delete" anything. It's to do with old kernels - kernels
aren't
updated as such, new ones are just installed. So long as you don't need
the old kernels, just remove the old kernel RPMs.

In fact there are a number of tools to help you.  By default yum keeps
5 versions of old kernels (which is usually too many for the default
/boot size - good joined-up thinking there!), that number is specified
in /etc/yum.conf as "installonly_limit=5" - change that to a suitable
number for you, personally I use '3', some people have '2' -
don't put
it at '1' because then you'll not be able to use an old version to
boot
in to in emergency.

The package yum-utils has the package-cleanup command to deal with
various yum issues, including sorting out old kernels. Do 

   package-cleanup --oldkernels --count=3

to clean everything to do with old kernels leaving 3 versions on your
system.

P.

Alexander Farber

2018-Feb-07 09:41 UTC

head link

[CentOS] /dev/md1 => 93% Used. Warning. Disk Filling up. - what would be safe to delete in /boot ?

Thank you Pete for the very insightful answer!

This has worked like a charm -

On Wed, Feb 7, 2018 at 10:16 AM, Pete Biggs <pete at biggs.org.uk> wrote:
>
> In fact there are a number of tools to help you.  By default yum keeps
> 5 versions of old kernels (which is usually too many for the default
> /boot size - good joined-up thinking there!), that number is specified
> in /etc/yum.conf as "installonly_limit=5" - change that to a
suitable
> number for you, personally I use '3', some people have '2'
- don't put
> it at '1' because then you'll not be able to use an old version
to boot
> in to in emergency.
>
> The package yum-utils has the package-cleanup command to deal with
> various yum issues, including sorting out old kernels. Do
>
>    package-cleanup --oldkernels --count=3
>
> to clean everything to do with old kernels leaving 3 versions on your
> system.
>

I had:

    /dev/md1                        488M  428M   34M  93% /boot

Then I after running

# package-cleanup --oldkernels --count=3
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
--> Running transaction check
---> Package kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.2.2.el7 will be erased
---> Package kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.5.2.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

===============================================================================
Package       Arch          Version                      Repository
Size
===============================================================================Removing:
 kernel        x86_64        3.10.0-693.2.2.el7           @updates
59 M
 kernel        x86_64        3.10.0-693.5.2.el7           @updates
59 M

Transaction Summary
===============================================================================Remove
2 Packages

Installed size: 119 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Erasing    : kernel.x86_64
1/2
  Erasing    : kernel.x86_64
2/2
  Verifying  : kernel-3.10.0-693.5.2.el7.x86_64
1/2
  Verifying  : kernel-3.10.0-693.2.2.el7.x86_64
2/2

Removed:
  kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.2.2.el7     kernel.x86_64 0:3.10.0-693.5.2.el7

Complete!

I've ended up with comforting

    /dev/md1                        488M  279M  184M  61% /boot

Have a nice day!
Alex

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