In the code below the first and second plots should look pretty much the same, the only difference being that the first has n=1000 points and the second n=10000 points. On two of my Linux machines (info below) the second plot is a horizontal line (incorrect answer from lm), but on my Windows 10 machine and a third Linux machine it works as expected. The interesting thing is that the code works as expected for n <= 4095 but fails for n>=4096 (which equals 2^12). Can anyone else reproduce this problem? Any ideas on how to fix it? set.seed(132) #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ # This works n <- 1000# OK <= 4095 Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) summary(k) fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) summary(fit) gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) gm gsd plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ #this does not n <- 10000# fails >= 4096 = 2^12 Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) summary(k) fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) summary(fit) gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) gm gsd plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~> sessionInfo() #for two Linux machines having problemR version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) Running under: Linux Mint 20.2 Matrix products: default BLAS/LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmkl_rt.so locale: [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 [6] LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] compiler_4.1.2 Matrix_1.3-4 tools_4.1.2 expm_0.999-6 grid_4.1.2 lattice_0.20-45 #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~> sessionInfo() # for a third Linux machine not having the problemR version 4.1.1 (2021-08-10) Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) Running under: Linux Mint 19.3 Matrix products: default BLAS/LAPACK: /opt/intel/compilers_and_libraries_2020.0.166/linux/mkl/lib/intel64_lin/libmkl_rt.so locale: [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 [4] LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] compiler_4.1.1 tools_4.1.1 Thomas R. LaBone PhD student Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Arnold School of Public Health University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina USA [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
Hi Thomas, I could not reproduce your problem. Both examples worked fine for me. Here is my setup: R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) Running under: Ubuntu 20.04.3 LTS Matrix products: default BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3 LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/liblapack.so.3 locale: [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 [4] LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base other attached packages: [1] R.matlab_3.6.2 loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] compiler_4.1.2 tools_4.1.2 R.methodsS3_1.8.1 R.utils_2.11.0 R.oo_1.24.0 On Thu, Dec 2, 2021 at 4:18 PM Labone, Thomas <labone at email.sc.edu> wrote:> > In the code below the first and second plots should look pretty much the same, the only difference being that the first has n=1000 points and the second n=10000 points. On two of my Linux machines (info below) the second plot is a horizontal line (incorrect answer from lm), but on my Windows 10 machine and a third Linux machine it works as expected. The interesting thing is that the code works as expected for n <= 4095 but fails for n>=4096 (which equals 2^12). Can anyone else reproduce this problem? Any ideas on how to fix it? > > set.seed(132) > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > # This works > n <- 1000# OK <= 4095 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > #this does not > n <- 10000# fails >= 4096 = 2^12 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > > sessionInfo() #for two Linux machines having problem > R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) > Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) > Running under: Linux Mint 20.2 > > Matrix products: default > BLAS/LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmkl_rt.so > > locale: > [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 > [6] LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C > [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C > > attached base packages: > [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base > > loaded via a namespace (and not attached): > [1] compiler_4.1.2 Matrix_1.3-4 tools_4.1.2 expm_0.999-6 grid_4.1.2 lattice_0.20-45 > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > > sessionInfo() # for a third Linux machine not having the problem > R version 4.1.1 (2021-08-10) > Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) > Running under: Linux Mint 19.3 > > Matrix products: default > BLAS/LAPACK: /opt/intel/compilers_and_libraries_2020.0.166/linux/mkl/lib/intel64_lin/libmkl_rt.so > > locale: > [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 > [4] LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 > [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C > [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C > > attached base packages: > [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base > > loaded via a namespace (and not attached): > [1] compiler_4.1.1 tools_4.1.1 > > > > Thomas R. LaBone > PhD student > Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics > Arnold School of Public Health > University of South Carolina > Columbia, South Carolina USA > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
I get two similar graphs. https://web.ncf.ca/nashjc/jfiles/Rplot-Labone-4095.pdf https://web.ncf.ca/nashjc/jfiles/RplotLabone10K.pdf Context: R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) Running under: Linux Mint 20.2 Matrix products: default BLAS: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/libblas.so.3 LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/openblas-pthread/liblapack.so.3 locale: [1] LC_CTYPE=en_CA.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_CA.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_CA.UTF-8 [5] LC_MONETARY=en_CA.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_CA.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=en_CA.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C [9] LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_CA.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C attached base packages: [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base loaded via a namespace (and not attached): [1] compiler_4.1.2 fastmap_1.1.0 htmltools_0.5.2 tools_4.1.2 yaml_2.2.1 rmarkdown_2.11 knitr_1.36 [8] xfun_0.28 digest_0.6.28 rlang_0.4.12 evaluate_0.14 > Hope this helps, JN On 2021-12-02 5:50 a.m., Labone, Thomas wrote:> #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > # This works > n <- 1000# OK <= 4095 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > #this does not > n <- 10000# fails >= 4096 = 2^12 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
On the 'bad' machines, what did you get for summary(fit) summary(k) summary(Z) summary(gm*gsd^Z) ? -Bill On Thu, Dec 2, 2021 at 6:18 AM Labone, Thomas <labone at email.sc.edu> wrote:> In the code below the first and second plots should look pretty much the > same, the only difference being that the first has n=1000 points and the > second n=10000 points. On two of my Linux machines (info below) the second > plot is a horizontal line (incorrect answer from lm), but on my Windows 10 > machine and a third Linux machine it works as expected. The interesting > thing is that the code works as expected for n <= 4095 but fails for > n>=4096 (which equals 2^12). Can anyone else reproduce this problem? Any > ideas on how to fix it? > > set.seed(132) > > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > # This works > n <- 1000# OK <= 4095 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > #this does not > n <- 10000# fails >= 4096 = 2^12 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > > sessionInfo() #for two Linux machines having problem > R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) > Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) > Running under: Linux Mint 20.2 > > Matrix products: default > BLAS/LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmkl_rt.so > > locale: > [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C > LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 > LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 > [6] LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C > LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C > [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C > > attached base packages: > [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base > > loaded via a namespace (and not attached): > [1] compiler_4.1.2 Matrix_1.3-4 tools_4.1.2 expm_0.999-6 > grid_4.1.2 lattice_0.20-45 > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > > sessionInfo() # for a third Linux machine not having the problem > R version 4.1.1 (2021-08-10) > Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) > Running under: Linux Mint 19.3 > > Matrix products: default > BLAS/LAPACK: > /opt/intel/compilers_and_libraries_2020.0.166/linux/mkl/lib/intel64_lin/libmkl_rt.so > > locale: > [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C > LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 > [4] LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 > LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 > [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C > [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 > LC_IDENTIFICATION=C > > attached base packages: > [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base > > loaded via a namespace (and not attached): > [1] compiler_4.1.1 tools_4.1.1 > > > > Thomas R. LaBone > PhD student > Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics > Arnold School of Public Health > University of South Carolina > Columbia, South Carolina USA > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide > http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >[[alternative HTML version deleted]]
On 02/12/2021 5:50 a.m., Labone, Thomas wrote:> In the code below the first and second plots should look pretty much the same, the only difference being that the first has n=1000 points and the second n=10000 points. On two of my Linux machines (info below) the second plot is a horizontal line (incorrect answer from lm), but on my Windows 10 machine and a third Linux machine it works as expected. The interesting thing is that the code works as expected for n <= 4095 but fails for n>=4096 (which equals 2^12). Can anyone else reproduce this problem? Any ideas on how to fix it?The likely location of this problem is the BLAS. You are using BLAS/LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmkl_rt.so on the bad machines, and BLAS/LAPACK: /opt/intel/compilers_and_libraries_2020.0.166/linux/mkl/lib/intel64_lin/libmkl_rt.so > on the good one, according to the sessionInfo you posted. I don't have any experience dealing with such things, but that's where I'd look for a fix. Duncan Murdoch> set.seed(132) > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > # This works > n <- 1000# OK <= 4095 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ > #this does not > n <- 10000# fails >= 4096 = 2^12 > Z <- qnorm(ppoints(n)) > > k <- sort(rlnorm(n,log(2131),log(1.61)) / rlnorm(n,log(355),log(1.61))) > > quantile(k,probs=c(0.025,0.5,0.975)) > summary(k) > > fit <- lm(log(k) ~ Z) > summary(fit) > > gm <- exp(coef(fit)[1]) > gsd <- exp(coef(fit)[2]) > gm > gsd > > plot(Z,k,log="y",xlim=c(-4,4),ylim=c(0.1,100)) > lines(Z,gm*gsd^Z,col="red") > > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >> sessionInfo() #for two Linux machines having problem > R version 4.1.2 (2021-11-01) > Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) > Running under: Linux Mint 20.2 > > Matrix products: default > BLAS/LAPACK: /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libmkl_rt.so > > locale: > [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 > [6] LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C LC_TELEPHONE=C > [11] LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C > > attached base packages: > [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base > > loaded via a namespace (and not attached): > [1] compiler_4.1.2 Matrix_1.3-4 tools_4.1.2 expm_0.999-6 grid_4.1.2 lattice_0.20-45 > > #~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ >> sessionInfo() # for a third Linux machine not having the problem > R version 4.1.1 (2021-08-10) > Platform: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu (64-bit) > Running under: Linux Mint 19.3 > > Matrix products: default > BLAS/LAPACK: /opt/intel/compilers_and_libraries_2020.0.166/linux/mkl/lib/intel64_lin/libmkl_rt.so > > locale: > [1] LC_CTYPE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NUMERIC=C LC_TIME=en_US.UTF-8 > [4] LC_COLLATE=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MONETARY=en_US.UTF-8 LC_MESSAGES=en_US.UTF-8 > [7] LC_PAPER=en_US.UTF-8 LC_NAME=C LC_ADDRESS=C > [10] LC_TELEPHONE=C LC_MEASUREMENT=en_US.UTF-8 LC_IDENTIFICATION=C > > attached base packages: > [1] stats graphics grDevices utils datasets methods base > > loaded via a namespace (and not attached): > [1] compiler_4.1.1 tools_4.1.1 > > > > Thomas R. LaBone > PhD student > Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics > Arnold School of Public Health > University of South Carolina > Columbia, South Carolina USA > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >