Dear useRs, I would like to plot data points in a simple scatterplot. I don't have a lot of data per category, so a boxplot does not make sense. Here are some sample data: mydf <- data.frame(let=rep(letters[1:3],each=3), num=rnorm(9), stringsAsFactors=FALSE) I would like to do that, which throws an error, most likely because x is character: plot(mydf$let, mydf$num) If I convert to factor(), it plots a boxplot with no possibility (AFAIK) to plot points: mydf$let <- factor(mydf$let) plot(mydf$let, mydf$num, type='p') I know I can use the function points() in a somewhat convoluted manner: plot(mydf$num, xlim=c(1,3), type='n', xaxt='n') axis(side=1, at=1:3, labels=levels(mydf$let)) points(as.numeric(mydf$let), mydf$num) Isn't there a simple(r) way? Maybe I just missed something obvious... Thank you in advance for your help, Ivan -- Ivan Calandra, PhD University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne GEGENAA - EA 3795 CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros 51100 Reims, France +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr -- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra https://publons.com/author/705639/
Hi It would be easier if mydf$let was factor plot(as.numeric(factor(mydf$let)), mydf$num, xaxt="n") axis(1, at=1:3, levels(factor(mydf$let))) Cheers Petr> -----Original Message----- > From: R-help [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] On Behalf Of Ivan > Calandra > Sent: Thursday, March 17, 2016 11:30 AM > To: R list > Cc: Anne CANER > Subject: [R] plot numeric vs character > > Dear useRs, > > I would like to plot data points in a simple scatterplot. I don't have > a lot of data per category, so a boxplot does not make sense. > > Here are some sample data: > mydf <- data.frame(let=rep(letters[1:3],each=3), num=rnorm(9), > stringsAsFactors=FALSE) > > I would like to do that, which throws an error, most likely because x > is > character: > plot(mydf$let, mydf$num) > > If I convert to factor(), it plots a boxplot with no possibility > (AFAIK) to plot points: > mydf$let <- factor(mydf$let) > plot(mydf$let, mydf$num, type='p') > > I know I can use the function points() in a somewhat convoluted manner: > plot(mydf$num, xlim=c(1,3), type='n', xaxt='n') axis(side=1, at=1:3, > labels=levels(mydf$let)) points(as.numeric(mydf$let), mydf$num) > > Isn't there a simple(r) way? Maybe I just missed something obvious... > > Thank you in advance for your help, > Ivan > > -- > Ivan Calandra, PhD > University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne > GEGENAA - EA 3795 > CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros > 51100 Reims, France > +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 > ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr > -- > https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra > https://publons.com/author/705639/ > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting- > guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.________________________________ Tento e-mail a jak?koliv k n?mu p?ipojen? dokumenty jsou d?v?rn? a jsou ur?eny pouze jeho adres?t?m. Jestli?e jste obdr?el(a) tento e-mail omylem, informujte laskav? neprodlen? jeho odes?latele. Obsah tohoto emailu i s p??lohami a jeho kopie vyma?te ze sv?ho syst?mu. Nejste-li zam??len?m adres?tem tohoto emailu, nejste opr?vn?ni tento email jakkoliv u??vat, roz?i?ovat, kop?rovat ?i zve?ej?ovat. Odes?latel e-mailu neodpov?d? za eventu?ln? ?kodu zp?sobenou modifikacemi ?i zpo?d?n?m p?enosu e-mailu. V p??pad?, ?e je tento e-mail sou??st? obchodn?ho jedn?n?: - vyhrazuje si odes?latel pr?vo ukon?it kdykoliv jedn?n? o uzav?en? smlouvy, a to z jak?hokoliv d?vodu i bez uveden? d?vodu. - a obsahuje-li nab?dku, je adres?t opr?vn?n nab?dku bezodkladn? p?ijmout; Odes?latel tohoto e-mailu (nab?dky) vylu?uje p?ijet? nab?dky ze strany p??jemce s dodatkem ?i odchylkou. - trv? odes?latel na tom, ?e p??slu?n? smlouva je uzav?ena teprve v?slovn?m dosa?en?m shody na v?ech jej?ch n?le?itostech. - odes?latel tohoto emailu informuje, ?e nen? opr?vn?n uzav?rat za spole?nost ??dn? smlouvy s v?jimkou p??pad?, kdy k tomu byl p?semn? zmocn?n nebo p?semn? pov??en a takov? pov??en? nebo pln? moc byly adres?tovi tohoto emailu p??padn? osob?, kterou adres?t zastupuje, p?edlo?eny nebo jejich existence je adres?tovi ?i osob? j?m zastoupen? zn?m?. This e-mail and any documents attached to it may be confidential and are intended only for its intended recipients. If you received this e-mail by mistake, please immediately inform its sender. Delete the contents of this e-mail with all attachments and its copies from your system. If you are not the intended recipient of this e-mail, you are not authorized to use, disseminate, copy or disclose this e-mail in any manner. The sender of this e-mail shall not be liable for any possible damage caused by modifications of the e-mail or by delay with transfer of the email. In case that this e-mail forms part of business dealings: - the sender reserves the right to end negotiations about entering into a contract in any time, for any reason, and without stating any reasoning. - if the e-mail contains an offer, the recipient is entitled to immediately accept such offer; The sender of this e-mail (offer) excludes any acceptance of the offer on the part of the recipient containing any amendment or variation. - the sender insists on that the respective contract is concluded only upon an express mutual agreement on all its aspects. - the sender of this e-mail informs that he/she is not authorized to enter into any contracts on behalf of the company except for cases in which he/she is expressly authorized to do so in writing, and such authorization or power of attorney is submitted to the recipient or the person represented by the recipient, or the existence of such authorization is known to the recipient of the person represented by the recipient.
Thanks Petr, You're right, no need for points(). But is there an even simpler way? I still find it strange that plot() does not allow points to be plotted instead of boxplots when x is a factor (because boxplots do not always make sense). Is there a good reason for that? Ivan -- Ivan Calandra, PhD University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne GEGENAA - EA 3795 CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros 51100 Reims, France +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr -- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra https://publons.com/author/705639/ Le 17/03/2016 11:48, PIKAL Petr a ?crit :> Hi > > It would be easier if mydf$let was factor > > plot(as.numeric(factor(mydf$let)), mydf$num, xaxt="n") > axis(1, at=1:3, levels(factor(mydf$let))) > > Cheers > Petr > > >> -----Original Message----- >> From: R-help [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] On Behalf Of Ivan >> Calandra >> Sent: Thursday, March 17, 2016 11:30 AM >> To: R list >> Cc: Anne CANER >> Subject: [R] plot numeric vs character >> >> Dear useRs, >> >> I would like to plot data points in a simple scatterplot. I don't have >> a lot of data per category, so a boxplot does not make sense. >> >> Here are some sample data: >> mydf <- data.frame(let=rep(letters[1:3],each=3), num=rnorm(9), >> stringsAsFactors=FALSE) >> >> I would like to do that, which throws an error, most likely because x >> is >> character: >> plot(mydf$let, mydf$num) >> >> If I convert to factor(), it plots a boxplot with no possibility >> (AFAIK) to plot points: >> mydf$let <- factor(mydf$let) >> plot(mydf$let, mydf$num, type='p') >> >> I know I can use the function points() in a somewhat convoluted manner: >> plot(mydf$num, xlim=c(1,3), type='n', xaxt='n') axis(side=1, at=1:3, >> labels=levels(mydf$let)) points(as.numeric(mydf$let), mydf$num) >> >> Isn't there a simple(r) way? Maybe I just missed something obvious... >> >> Thank you in advance for your help, >> Ivan >> >> -- >> Ivan Calandra, PhD >> University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne >> GEGENAA - EA 3795 >> CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros >> 51100 Reims, France >> +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 >> ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr >> -- >> https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra >> https://publons.com/author/705639/ >> >> ______________________________________________ >> R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting- >> guide.html >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > ________________________________ > Tento e-mail a jak?koliv k n?mu p?ipojen? dokumenty jsou d?v?rn? a jsou ur?eny pouze jeho adres?t?m. > Jestli?e jste obdr?el(a) tento e-mail omylem, informujte laskav? neprodlen? jeho odes?latele. Obsah tohoto emailu i s p??lohami a jeho kopie vyma?te ze sv?ho syst?mu. > Nejste-li zam??len?m adres?tem tohoto emailu, nejste opr?vn?ni tento email jakkoliv u??vat, roz?i?ovat, kop?rovat ?i zve?ej?ovat. > Odes?latel e-mailu neodpov?d? za eventu?ln? ?kodu zp?sobenou modifikacemi ?i zpo?d?n?m p?enosu e-mailu. > > V p??pad?, ?e je tento e-mail sou??st? obchodn?ho jedn?n?: > - vyhrazuje si odes?latel pr?vo ukon?it kdykoliv jedn?n? o uzav?en? smlouvy, a to z jak?hokoliv d?vodu i bez uveden? d?vodu. > - a obsahuje-li nab?dku, je adres?t opr?vn?n nab?dku bezodkladn? p?ijmout; Odes?latel tohoto e-mailu (nab?dky) vylu?uje p?ijet? nab?dky ze strany p??jemce s dodatkem ?i odchylkou. > - trv? odes?latel na tom, ?e p??slu?n? smlouva je uzav?ena teprve v?slovn?m dosa?en?m shody na v?ech jej?ch n?le?itostech. > - odes?latel tohoto emailu informuje, ?e nen? opr?vn?n uzav?rat za spole?nost ??dn? smlouvy s v?jimkou p??pad?, kdy k tomu byl p?semn? zmocn?n nebo p?semn? pov??en a takov? pov??en? nebo pln? moc byly adres?tovi tohoto emailu p??padn? osob?, kterou adres?t zastupuje, p?edlo?eny nebo jejich existence je adres?tovi ?i osob? j?m zastoupen? zn?m?. > > This e-mail and any documents attached to it may be confidential and are intended only for its intended recipients. > If you received this e-mail by mistake, please immediately inform its sender. Delete the contents of this e-mail with all attachments and its copies from your system. > If you are not the intended recipient of this e-mail, you are not authorized to use, disseminate, copy or disclose this e-mail in any manner. > The sender of this e-mail shall not be liable for any possible damage caused by modifications of the e-mail or by delay with transfer of the email. > > In case that this e-mail forms part of business dealings: > - the sender reserves the right to end negotiations about entering into a contract in any time, for any reason, and without stating any reasoning. > - if the e-mail contains an offer, the recipient is entitled to immediately accept such offer; The sender of this e-mail (offer) excludes any acceptance of the offer on the part of the recipient containing any amendment or variation. > - the sender insists on that the respective contract is concluded only upon an express mutual agreement on all its aspects. > - the sender of this e-mail informs that he/she is not authorized to enter into any contracts on behalf of the company except for cases in which he/she is expressly authorized to do so in writing, and such authorization or power of attorney is submitted to the recipient or the person represented by the recipient, or the existence of such authorization is known to the recipient of the person represented by the recipient.
Another approach using ggplot2 and shamelessly swiped from http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/ggplot2-dot-plot-quick-start-guide-r-software-and-data-visualization. library(ggplot2) ggplot(mydf, aes(x=let, y=num)) + geom_dotplot(binaxis='y', stackdir='center', dotsize = 0.5) John Kane Kingston ON Canada> -----Original Message----- > From: ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr > Sent: Thu, 17 Mar 2016 11:29:52 +0100 > To: r-help at r-project.org > Subject: [R] plot numeric vs character > > Dear useRs, > > I would like to plot data points in a simple scatterplot. I don't have a > lot of data per category, so a boxplot does not make sense. > > Here are some sample data: > mydf <- data.frame(let=rep(letters[1:3],each=3), num=rnorm(9), > stringsAsFactors=FALSE) > > I would like to do that, which throws an error, most likely because x is > character: > plot(mydf$let, mydf$num) > > If I convert to factor(), it plots a boxplot with no possibility (AFAIK) > to plot points: > mydf$let <- factor(mydf$let) > plot(mydf$let, mydf$num, type='p') > > I know I can use the function points() in a somewhat convoluted manner: > plot(mydf$num, xlim=c(1,3), type='n', xaxt='n') > axis(side=1, at=1:3, labels=levels(mydf$let)) > points(as.numeric(mydf$let), mydf$num) > > Isn't there a simple(r) way? Maybe I just missed something obvious... > > Thank you in advance for your help, > Ivan > > -- > Ivan Calandra, PhD > University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne > GEGENAA - EA 3795 > CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros > 51100 Reims, France > +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 > ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr > -- > https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra > https://publons.com/author/705639/ > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide > http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.____________________________________________________________ Can't remember your password? Do you need a strong and secure password? Use Password manager! It stores your passwords & protects your account.
So it looks like there is no better "base" solution than Petr's code... Thank you for your input anyway! Ivan -- Ivan Calandra, PhD University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne GEGENAA - EA 3795 CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros 51100 Reims, France +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr -- https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra https://publons.com/author/705639/ Le 17/03/2016 13:04, John Kane a ?crit :> Another approach using ggplot2 and shamelessly swiped from > http://www.sthda.com/english/wiki/ggplot2-dot-plot-quick-start-guide-r-software-and-data-visualization. > > library(ggplot2) > ggplot(mydf, aes(x=let, y=num)) + > geom_dotplot(binaxis='y', stackdir='center', dotsize = 0.5) > > > > > John Kane > Kingston ON Canada > > >> -----Original Message----- >> From: ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr >> Sent: Thu, 17 Mar 2016 11:29:52 +0100 >> To: r-help at r-project.org >> Subject: [R] plot numeric vs character >> >> Dear useRs, >> >> I would like to plot data points in a simple scatterplot. I don't have a >> lot of data per category, so a boxplot does not make sense. >> >> Here are some sample data: >> mydf <- data.frame(let=rep(letters[1:3],each=3), num=rnorm(9), >> stringsAsFactors=FALSE) >> >> I would like to do that, which throws an error, most likely because x is >> character: >> plot(mydf$let, mydf$num) >> >> If I convert to factor(), it plots a boxplot with no possibility (AFAIK) >> to plot points: >> mydf$let <- factor(mydf$let) >> plot(mydf$let, mydf$num, type='p') >> >> I know I can use the function points() in a somewhat convoluted manner: >> plot(mydf$num, xlim=c(1,3), type='n', xaxt='n') >> axis(side=1, at=1:3, labels=levels(mydf$let)) >> points(as.numeric(mydf$let), mydf$num) >> >> Isn't there a simple(r) way? Maybe I just missed something obvious... >> >> Thank you in advance for your help, >> Ivan >> >> -- >> Ivan Calandra, PhD >> University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne >> GEGENAA - EA 3795 >> CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros >> 51100 Reims, France >> +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 >> ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr >> -- >> https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra >> https://publons.com/author/705639/ >> >> ______________________________________________ >> R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >> PLEASE do read the posting guide >> http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > ____________________________________________________________ > Can't remember your password? Do you need a strong and secure password? > Use Password manager! It stores your passwords & protects your account. > Check it out at http://mysecurelogon.com/manager > > >
This: plot(match(mydf$let, letters), mydf$num) :-) On Mar 17, 2016, at 6:48 AM, PIKAL Petr <petr.pikal at precheza.cz> wrote:> Hi > > It would be easier if mydf$let was factor > > plot(as.numeric(factor(mydf$let)), mydf$num, xaxt="n") > axis(1, at=1:3, levels(factor(mydf$let))) > > Cheers > Petr > > >> -----Original Message----- >> From: R-help [mailto:r-help-bounces at r-project.org] On Behalf Of Ivan >> Calandra >> Sent: Thursday, March 17, 2016 11:30 AM >> To: R list >> Cc: Anne CANER >> Subject: [R] plot numeric vs character >> >> Dear useRs, >> >> I would like to plot data points in a simple scatterplot. I don't have >> a lot of data per category, so a boxplot does not make sense. >> >> Here are some sample data: >> mydf <- data.frame(let=rep(letters[1:3],each=3), num=rnorm(9), >> stringsAsFactors=FALSE) >> >> I would like to do that, which throws an error, most likely because x >> is >> character: >> plot(mydf$let, mydf$num) >> >> If I convert to factor(), it plots a boxplot with no possibility >> (AFAIK) to plot points: >> mydf$let <- factor(mydf$let) >> plot(mydf$let, mydf$num, type='p') >> >> I know I can use the function points() in a somewhat convoluted manner: >> plot(mydf$num, xlim=c(1,3), type='n', xaxt='n') axis(side=1, at=1:3, >> labels=levels(mydf$let)) points(as.numeric(mydf$let), mydf$num) >> >> Isn't there a simple(r) way? Maybe I just missed something obvious... >> >> Thank you in advance for your help, >> Ivan >> >> -- >> Ivan Calandra, PhD >> University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne >> GEGENAA - EA 3795 >> CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros >> 51100 Reims, France >> +33(0)3 26 77 36 89 >> ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr >> -- >> https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra >> https://publons.com/author/705639/ >> >> ______________________________________________ >> R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see >> https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting- >> guide.html >> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > > ________________________________ > Tento e-mail a jak?koliv k n?mu p?ipojen? dokumenty jsou d?v?rn? a jsou ur?eny pouze jeho adres?t?m. > Jestli?e jste obdr?el(a) tento e-mail omylem, informujte laskav? neprodlen? jeho odes?latele. Obsah tohoto emailu i s p??lohami a jeho kopie vyma?te ze sv?ho syst?mu. > Nejste-li zam??len?m adres?tem tohoto emailu, nejste opr?vn?ni tento email jakkoliv u??vat, roz?i?ovat, kop?rovat ?i zve?ej?ovat. > Odes?latel e-mailu neodpov?d? za eventu?ln? ?kodu zp?sobenou modifikacemi ?i zpo?d?n?m p?enosu e-mailu. > > V p??pad?, ?e je tento e-mail sou??st? obchodn?ho jedn?n?: > - vyhrazuje si odes?latel pr?vo ukon?it kdykoliv jedn?n? o uzav?en? smlouvy, a to z jak?hokoliv d?vodu i bez uveden? d?vodu. > - a obsahuje-li nab?dku, je adres?t opr?vn?n nab?dku bezodkladn? p?ijmout; Odes?latel tohoto e-mailu (nab?dky) vylu?uje p?ijet? nab?dky ze strany p??jemce s dodatkem ?i odchylkou. > - trv? odes?latel na tom, ?e p??slu?n? smlouva je uzav?ena teprve v?slovn?m dosa?en?m shody na v?ech jej?ch n?le?itostech. > - odes?latel tohoto emailu informuje, ?e nen? opr?vn?n uzav?rat za spole?nost ??dn? smlouvy s v?jimkou p??pad?, kdy k tomu byl p?semn? zmocn?n nebo p?semn? pov??en a takov? pov??en? nebo pln? moc byly adres?tovi tohoto emailu p??padn? osob?, kterou adres?t zastupuje, p?edlo?eny nebo jejich existence je adres?tovi ?i osob? j?m zastoupen? zn?m?. > > This e-mail and any documents attached to it may be confidential and are intended only for its intended recipients. > If you received this e-mail by mistake, please immediately inform its sender. Delete the contents of this e-mail with all attachments and its copies from your system. > If you are not the intended recipient of this e-mail, you are not authorized to use, disseminate, copy or disclose this e-mail in any manner. > The sender of this e-mail shall not be liable for any possible damage caused by modifications of the e-mail or by delay with transfer of the email. > > In case that this e-mail forms part of business dealings: > - the sender reserves the right to end negotiations about entering into a contract in any time, for any reason, and without stating any reasoning. > - if the e-mail contains an offer, the recipient is entitled to immediately accept such offer; The sender of this e-mail (offer) excludes any acceptance of the offer on the part of the recipient containing any amendment or variation. > - the sender insists on that the respective contract is concluded only upon an express mutual agreement on all its aspects. > - the sender of this e-mail informs that he/she is not authorized to enter into any contracts on behalf of the company except for cases in which he/she is expressly authorized to do so in writing, and such authorization or power of attorney is submitted to the recipient or the person represented by the recipient, or the existence of such authorization is known to the recipient of the person represented by the recipient. > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Try require(lattice) dotplot(num ~ let, data=mydf) -- Don MacQueen Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 7000 East Ave., L-627 Livermore, CA 94550 925-423-1062 On 3/17/16, 3:29 AM, "R-help on behalf of Ivan Calandra" <r-help-bounces at r-project.org on behalf of ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr> wrote:>Dear useRs, > >I would like to plot data points in a simple scatterplot. I don't have a >lot of data per category, so a boxplot does not make sense. > >Here are some sample data: >mydf <- data.frame(let=rep(letters[1:3],each=3), num=rnorm(9), >stringsAsFactors=FALSE) > >I would like to do that, which throws an error, most likely because x is >character: >plot(mydf$let, mydf$num) > >If I convert to factor(), it plots a boxplot with no possibility (AFAIK) >to plot points: >mydf$let <- factor(mydf$let) >plot(mydf$let, mydf$num, type='p') > >I know I can use the function points() in a somewhat convoluted manner: >plot(mydf$num, xlim=c(1,3), type='n', xaxt='n') >axis(side=1, at=1:3, labels=levels(mydf$let)) >points(as.numeric(mydf$let), mydf$num) > >Isn't there a simple(r) way? Maybe I just missed something obvious... > >Thank you in advance for your help, >Ivan > >-- >Ivan Calandra, PhD >University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne >GEGENAA - EA 3795 >CREA - 2 esplanade Roland Garros >51100 Reims, France >+33(0)3 26 77 36 89 >ivan.calandra at univ-reims.fr >-- >https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivan_Calandra >https://secure-web.cisco.com/1yNnarZiCKUGYfSH5J2-EbF7-AArb-PmFBicLRM4tZ6aU >HoIat5tkl5G1tDBWGbmAtfy2rKUMIAZ66QtApYQAaNn3CMmTJjQ1hLMhdkSkvRy5Xybui_V323 >YC17MiU81U_pFgX509cGmkKLXUR0SrR37kW4nS_9dceMbPir9PJL6homj56lCgTPl4i-RnpaGa >0c3wWDheaJMEnOGkiNM-DTAg-TytL837N8slaOoHk30LoN_nZdOYAbK1afmJdDBChYrPhM28hk >VbVrP99eKJ8rZl3jO1VsBJ_2fO8BICSQnoamvGo1v9uBfNEP0yswoj9p0zeilFKVII8JQ6CFlx >jKfohfdIaEfstzBYALjaJSo/https%3A%2F%2Fpublons.com%2Fauthor%2F705639%2F > >______________________________________________ >R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see >https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help >PLEASE do read the posting guide >http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html >and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >