llvm dev - Mar 2017 - [cfe-dev] RFC: Add a way to interleave source code in assembler output

Dear llvm/clang community,

I'm interested in adding a way to emit source code interleaved in the output
of the assembler.

- Introduction

A feature that several compilers have and clang/llvm is missing is the
possibility of interleaving source code in the assembler output (e.g. when using
-S).

This feature is useful for a number of reasons. For those users who are
concerned with the quality of the code, code size, debugging and inspection or
analysis of the generated assembler.

An essential requirement of this feature is having location information at the
point where the assembler code is emitted. Location information is currently not
part of the instruction representation itself but instead is encoded as part of
the debug information. This means that to have location information we need to
make sure the FE is emitting some minimal amount of debugging information
containing location. This is currently possible in clang using
-gline-tables-only but other FE's might choose to emit this information
under some other conditions.

I made an implementation which shows that the impact on the existing codebase is
low.

- Rationale

Closing the gap between input source code and the generated instructions is
important for users that are concerned about the correctness and quality of the
generated code. This feature would help to reduce this gap by providing better
context to the emitted instructions. Incidentally it can also help debugging
wrong code.

- Related work

This is a feature commonly available in production compilers [1][2][3][4].

[1]
http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.dui0472m/chr1359124927770.html
[2] https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-7/changes.html (see "Other significant
improvements" by the end of the document)
[3] https://software.intel.com/en-us/node/523027 
[3] https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/367y26c6.aspx

https://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=16647 
https://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=17465 suggests some workarounds. A comment
also points to a patch that I could not retrieve.

- Proposal

This proposal currently spans LLVM and clang.

-- clang/FE changes

For clang it would simply mean to add a flag like -fsource-asm or maybe extend
the meaning of -fverbose-asm (like it will happen in GCC 7 but see some further
comments below). This flag would make sure that the minimal amount of debug
information is generated. Currently this means enabling -gline-tables-only in
absence of any other debugging flag specified. A flag -masm-source for
communicating the driver and cc1 will be added as well.

Other FE's can provide other specific mechanisms to enable source
interleave.

-- llvm changes

For llvm I suggest creating a new AsmPrinterHandler called, tentatively,
SourceInterlave that would be responsible of printing the lines related to the
instructions. SourceInterleave would take care of loading the files and making
sure the source code lines are emitted as comments.

This handler would be enabled through MCOptions (similar to what happens with
AsmVerbose). The current option is tentatively called AsmSource.

Currently AsmPrinterHandler mechanism looks slightly geared towards debug
information but it also used for EH. So I think using it for printing
interleaved source is a good fit.

- Discussion

In case this proposal is positively received I would like to gather some
feedback on the following items.
 
-- The name of the flag itself for clang

My current implementation uses -fsource-asm but maybe we want to integrate this
feature in -fverbose-asm for this (as gcc 7 will do). I have no strong
preference, but maybe overloading -fverbose-asm may have some undesirable
consequences: recall that we need to enable some, even if minimal, debugging
information in clang for this feature to be useable.

-- Enabling debug information causes debug information also to be emitted

This currently makes the output unnecessarily hard to read due basically to .loc
directives.

Currently my implementation uses "-masm-source=1" and
"-masm-source=2" for cc1 which is then communicated to the MCOption
AsmSource. When AsmSource is not 1, debug is emitted as usual, otherwise only
SourceInterleave is used.

This way
  "clang -fsource-asm" would pass "-masm-source=1". So only
interleaved source would be printed, without the extra debug directives.
  "clang -fsource-asm -g" (or any other debug enabling flag) would
pass "-masm-source=2" extending the current behaviour of emitting
debug information with interleaved source.

I think this is OK but maybe there is some subtlety regarding "having debug
information around but not generating its directives" as it would happen
under AsmSource==1.

Also -masm-source=1/-masm-source=2 are just stand-ins. Something a bit more
explanatory like -masm-source=nodebug and -masm-source=debug can be used
instead.

-- Would it make sense to map the "/FAs" flag of clang-cl to this
feature as well?

I can't really answer this question because I am not sure what are the
expectations of the clang-cl users in terms of closeness to VS's cl.exe
behaviour.

Looking forward your feedback. I can put in phabricator the patches for my
current implementation if this helps the discussion.

Kind regards,
Roger

Hi Roger,

I would *really* love to see this feature available -- writing in a
combination of C and inline assembler is still quite common in embedded
software development. Verbose asm would be a very useful tool in debugging.

...speaking on inline assembler, I wonder how your implementation works
with it? Does it simply print a whole inline assembly statement (from C
source code) before printing it again (from generated assembler)?
> For clang it would simply mean to add a flag like -fsource-asm or maybe
extend the meaning of -fverbose-asm (like it will happen in GCC 7 but see
some further comments below).

I vote for the latter. GCC is still most commonly used compiler in embedded
development (for which generating assembler file is most relevant) -- the
closer we are to it, the better for everyone.

Yours,
Andrey
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Hi all,

I’ve put a WIP implementation of this feature in review in

Llvm: https://reviews.llvm.org/D30897
Clang: https://reviews.llvm.org/D30898

It is still unclear how can I  test this. I understand that we avoid end-to-end
tests, so this looks like it should be mostly tested in the llvm side and in
clang just make sure we forward the flags correctly.

Suggestions for improvements are very welcome.

Kind regards,
Roger


From: Andrey Bokhanko [mailto:andreybokhanko at gmail.com]
Sent: 05 February 2017 21:33
To: Roger Ferrer Ibanez
Cc: cfe-dev at lists.llvm.org; llvm-dev; nd
Subject: Re: [cfe-dev] RFC: Add a way to interleave source code in assembler
output

Hi Roger,
I would *really* love to see this feature available -- writing in a combination
of C and inline assembler is still quite common in embedded software
development. Verbose asm would be a very useful tool in debugging.
...speaking on inline assembler, I wonder how your implementation works with it?
Does it simply print a whole inline assembly statement (from C source code)
before printing it again (from generated assembler)?
> For clang it would simply mean to add a flag like -fsource-asm or maybe
extend the meaning of -fverbose-asm (like it will happen in GCC 7 but see some
further comments below).
I vote for the latter. GCC is still most commonly used compiler in embedded
development (for which generating assembler file is most relevant) -- the closer
we are to it, the better for everyone.
Yours,
Andrey
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Hi Andrey,
> ...speaking on inline assembler, I wonder how your implementation works
with it? Does it simply print a whole inline assembly statement (from C source
code) before printing it again (from generated assembler)?
My experiments show that only the first line is shown for asm blocks that span
more than one line. Instructions emitted after the block will make the remaining
lines to be shown. Maybe we can handle this case specially, not sure.

Regards,
Roger