The build system rolled up R-4.4.0.tar.gz and R-4.4.0.tar.xz (codename
"Puppy Cup") this morning.
This is a major update, containing many new features and bug fixes.
The list below details the changes in this release.
You can get the source code from
https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/R-4/R-4.4.0.tar.gz
https://cran.r-project.org/src/base/R-4/R-4.4.0.tar.xz
or wait for it to be mirrored at a CRAN site nearer to you.
Binaries for various platforms will appear in due course.
For the R Core Team,
Peter Dalgaard
These are the checksums (md5 and SHA-256) for the freshly created files, in case
you wish
to check that they are uncorrupted:
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This is the relevant part of the NEWS file
CHANGES IN R 4.4.0:
SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES:
* Startup banners, R --version, sessionInfo() and R CMD check no
longer report (64-bit) as part of the platform as this is almost
universal - the increasingly rare 32-bit platforms will still
report (32-bit).
On Windows, ditto for window titles.
* is.atomic(NULL) now returns FALSE, as NULL is not an atomic
vector. Strict back-compatibility would replace is.atomic(foo)
by (is.null(foo) || is.atomic(foo)) but should happen only
sparingly.
NEW FEATURES:
* The confint() methods for "glm" and "nls" objects have
been
copied to the stats package. Previously, they were stubs which
called versions in package MASS. The MASS namespace is no longer
loaded if you invoke (say) confint(glmfit). Further, the "glm"
method for profile() and the plot() and pairs() methods for class
"profile" have been copied from MASS to stats. (profile.nls()
and plot.profile.nls() were already in stats.)
* The confint() and profile methods for "glm" objects have gained
a
possibility to do profiling based on the Rao Score statistic in
addition to the default Likelihood Ratio. This is controlled by a
new test = argument.
* The pairs() method for "profile" objects has been extended with
a
which = argument to allow plotting only a subset of the
parameters.
* The "glm" method for anova() computes test statistics and
p-values by default, using a chi-squared test or an F test
depending on whether the dispersion is fixed or free. Test
statistics can be suppressed by giving argument test a false
logical value.
* In setRepositories() the repositories can be set using their
names via name = instead of index ind =.
* methods() and .S3methods() gain a all.names option for the (rare)
case where functions starting with a . should be included.
* Serializations can now be interrupted (e.g., by Ctrl-C on a
Unix-alike) if they take too long, e.g., from save.image(),
thanks to suggestions by Ivan Krylov and others on R-devel.
* New startup option --max-connections to set the maximum number of
simultaneous connections for the session. Defaults to 128 as
before: allowed values up to 4096 (but resource limits may in
practice restrict to smaller values).
* R on Windows (since Windows 10 2004) now uses the new Segment
Heap allocator. This may improve performance of some
memory-intensive applications.
* When R packages are built, typically by R CMD build <pkg>, the
new --user=<build_user> option overrides the (internally
determined) user name, currently Sys.info()["user"] or LOGNAME.
This is a (modified) fulfillment of Will Landau's suggestion in
PR#17530.
* tools::testInstalledBasic() gets new optional arguments outDir
and testSrcdir, e.g., allowing to use it in a <builddir> !
<srcdir> setup, and in standard "binary" Windows installation
*if* a source tests/ folder is present.
* range(<DT_with_Inf>, finite = TRUE) now work for objects of class
"Date", "POSIXct", and "POSIXlt" with
infinite entries,
analogously to range.default(), as proposed by Davis Vaughan on
R-devel. Other range()-methods can make use of new function
.rangeNum().
* New .internalGenerics object complementing .S3PrimitiveGenerics,
for documentation and low-level book-keeping.
* grid() now invisibly returns the x- and y- coordinates at which
the grid-lines were drawn.
* norm(., type) now also works for complex matrices.
* kappa(., exact = TRUE, norm = *) now works for all norms and also
for complex matrices. In symmetric / triangular cases, the new
argument uplo = "U" | "L" allows the upper or lower
triangular
part to be specified.
* memDecompress(type = "unknown") recognizes compression in the
default 'zlib' format as used by memCompress(type =
"gzip").
* memCompress() and memDecompress() will use the libdeflate library
(<https://github.com/ebiggers/libdeflate>) if installed. This
uses the same type of compression for type = "gzip" but is
1.5-2x
faster than the system libz library on some common platforms: the
speed-up may depend on the library version.
* diff() for objects of class "Date", "POSIXct", and
"POSIXlt"
accepts a units argument passed via ....
* Dynamic help now does a much better job of rendering package
DESCRIPTION metadata.
* Rprof() gains an event argument and support for elapsed (real)
time profiling on Unix (PR#18076).
* filled.contour() gains a key.border argument.
* tools::update_pkg_po() gets arguments pot_make and mo_make for
_not_ re-making the corresponding files, and additionally a
verbose argument.
* Hexadecimal string colour specifications are now accepted in
short form, so, for example, we can use "#123", which is
equivalent to "#112233".
Thanks to MikeFC for the original idea and Ella Kaye, Malcolm
Barrett, George Stagg, and Hanne Oberman for the patch.
* Plain-text help shows \var markup by angle brackets.
* The new experimental primitive function declare() is intended to
eventually allow information about R code to be communicated to
the interpreter, compiler, and code analysis tools. The syntax
for declarations is still being developed.
* Functions psmirnov(), qsmirnov() and rsmirnov() in package stats
have had argument two.sided renamed to alternative, to take into
account that the permutation distributions of the one-sided
statistics can be different in the case of ties. Consequence of
PR#18582.
* sort() is now an implicit S4 generic in methods.
* Formatting and printing, format(z), print(z), of complex vectors
z no longer zap relatively small real or imaginary parts to zero,
fixing PR#16752. This is an API change, as it was documented
previously to round real and imaginary parts together on purpose,
producing nicer looking output. As mentioned, e.g. in the PR,
this change is compatible with many other "R-like" programming
environments.
We have simplified the internal code and now basically format the
real and imaginary parts independently of each other.
* New experimental functions Tailcall() and Exec() to support
writing stack-space-efficient recursive functions.
* Where characters are attempted to be plotted by pdf(),
postscript() and xfig() which are not in the selected 8-bit
character set (most often Latin-1) and the R session is using a
UTF-8 locale, the warning messages will show the UTF-8 character
rather than its bytes and one dot will be substituted per
character rather than per byte. (Platforms whose iconv() does
transliteration silently plot the transliteration.)
In a UTF-8 locale some transliterations are now done with a
warning (e.g., dashes and Unicode minus to hyphen, ligatures are
expanded, permille (?) is replaced by o/oo), although the OS may
have got there first. These are warnings as they will continue
to be replaced by dots in earlier versions of R.
* The matrix multiplication functions crossprod() and tcrossprod()
are now also primitive and S3 generic, as %*% had become in R
4.3.0.
* source() and example() have a new optional argument catch.aborts
which allows continued evaluation of the R code after an error.
* The non-Quartz tiff() devices allow additional types of
compression if supported by the platform's libtiff library.
* The list of base and recommended package names is now provided by
tools::standard_package_names().
* cairo_pdf() and cairo_ps() default to onefile = TRUE to closer
match pdf() and postscript().
* New option catch.script.errors provides a documented way to catch
errors and then continue in non-interactive use.
* L %||% R newly in base is an expressive idiom for the phrases
if(!is.null(L)) L else R or if(is.null(L)) R else L.
* The return value from warnings() now always inherits from
"warnings" as documented, now also in the case of no warnings
where it previously returned NULL.
* as.complex("1i") now returns 0 + 1i instead of NA with a
warning.
* z <- c(NA, 1i) now keeps the imaginary part Im(z[1]) == 0, no
longer coercing to NA_complex_. Similarly, cumsum(z) correctly
sums real and imaginary parts separately, i.e., without
"crosstalk" in case of NAs.
* On Alpine Linux iconv() now maps "latin2", "latin-2",
"latin9"
and "latin-9" to encoding names the OS knows about
(case-insensitively).
* iconv(sub = "Unicode") now always zero-pads to four (hex)
digits,
rather than to 4 or 8. (This seems to have become the convention
once Unicode restricted the number of Unicode points to 2^21 - 1
and so will never need more than 6 digits.)
* NCOL(NULL) now returns 0 instead of 1, for consistency with
cbind().
* The information for the Euro glyph missing from the Adobe .afm
files for the Courier, Helvetica and Times families has been
copied from their URW equivalents - this will improve vertical
centring in the pdf() and postscript() devices.
* The included BLAS sources have been updated to those shipped with
LAPACK version 3.12.0. The changes are almost entirely cosmetic.
* The included LAPACK sources have been updated to version 3.12.0
and some further double-complex routines added.
* There are new font families for the 2014--5 URW 2.0 fonts (see
?pdf) which are included in recent versions of Ghostscript.
These have font widths for most Greek glyphs and a few others
which were missing from the original versions (whose font
families remain available for reproducibility, although
Ghostscript-based viewers will render using the 2.0 versions).
* Improve the large-n efficiency of as.matrix(<dist>), thanks an R
contributors effort, notably by Tim Taylor and Heather Turner,
see PR#18660.
* The default and numeric methods of all.equal() get a check.class
option.
* zapsmall() gets new optional arguments, function mFUN and min.d,
for extra flexibility; fulfills a wish in PR#18199. Also, it is
now an implicit S4 generic in package methods.
* The Rd filter for aspell() gains an ignore argument.
* New generic function sort_by(), primarily useful for the
data.frame method which can be used to sort rows of a data frame
by one or more columns.
* The icence headers for the RPC code in src/extra/xdr have been
updated to use the GPL-compatible licence published by Oracle
America in 2010.
* New function pkg2HTML() in tools to create single-page HTML
reference manuals for R packages.
* The byte code evaluator now uses less C stack space for recursive
calls to byte-compiled functions. It also makes more of an effort
to avoid allocations for scalar return values.
* New completion option backtick (disabled by default) allows
non-syntactic completions to be wrapped in backquotes. This is
currently only useful for Jupyter notebooks via the IRkernel
package, and may cause problems for other backends.
INSTALLATION:
* The parser has been updated to work with bison 3.8.2, which is
now used for the pre-generated parsers in gram.c, file.c, and
gramRd.c. A few parser error messages have changed, which may
affect code that relies on exact messages.
INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:
* System valgrind headers are now required to use configure option
--with-valgrind-instrumentation with value 1 or 2.
* configure will warn if it encounters a 32-bit build, as that is
nowadays almost untested.
* Environment variable R_SYSTEM_ABI is no longer used and so no
longer recorded in etc/Renviron (it was not on Windows and was
only ever used when preparing package tools).
* If the libdeflate library and headers are available, libdeflate
rather than libz is used to (de)compress R objects in lazy-load
databases. Typically tasks spend up to 5% of their time on such
operations, although creating lazy-data databases is one of the
exceptions.
This can be suppressed if the library is available by the
configure option --without-libdeflate-compression.
* configure option --enable-lto=check has not worked reliably since
2019 and has been removed.
* The minimum autoconf requirement for a maintainer build has been
increased to autoconf 2.71.
It is intended to increase this to 2.72 for R 4.5.0: the
distributed configure file was generated using 2.72.
* The minimum version requirement for an external LAPACK has been
reduced to 3.9.0.
* No default C++ compiler is set if no C++17 compiler is detected:
there is no longer an automatic fallback to C++14 or C++11.
Compilers from the last five years should have sufficient
support: for others macros CXX and CXXSTD can be set in file
config.site to provide a fallback if needed.
The Objective-C++ compiler now by default uses the standard
selected by R for C++ (currently C++17) rather than the default
standard for the C++ compiler (which on macOS is still C++98).
INSTALLATION on macOS:
* A new configure option --with-newAccelerate makes use of Apple's
'new' BLAS / LAPACK interfaces in their Accelerate framework.
Those interfaces are only available in macOS 13.3 or later, and
building requires SDK 13.3 or later (from the Command Line Tools
or Xcode 14.3 or later).
By default the option uses new Accelerate for BLAS calls: to also
use it for LAPACK use option --with-newAccelerate=lapack. The
later interfaces provide LAPACK 3.9.1 rather than 3.2.1: 3.9.1 is
from 2021-04 and does not include the improved algorithms
introduced in LAPACK 3.10.0 (including for BLAS calls).
INSTALLATION on WINDOWS:
* The makefiles and installer scripts for Windows have been
tailored to Rtools44, an update of the Rtools43 toolchain. It is
based on GCC 13 and newer versions of MinGW-W64, binutils and
libraries (targeting 64-bit Intel CPUs). R-devel can no longer
be built using Rtools43 without changes.
* Rtools44 has experimental support for 64-bit ARM (aarch64) CPUs
_via_ the LLVM 17 toolchain using lld, clang/flang-new and
libc++.
UTILITIES:
* R CMD check notes when S4-style exports are used without
declaring a strong dependence on package methods.
* tools::checkRd() (used by R CMD check) detects more problems with
\Sexpr-based dynamic content, including bad nesting of \Sexprs
and invalid arguments.
* tools::checkRd() now reports Rd titles and section names ending
in a period; this is ignored by R CMD check unless environment
variable _R_CHECK_RD_CHECKRD_MINLEVEL_ is set to -5 or smaller.
* R CMD check now notes Rd files without an \alias, as long
documented in 'Writing R Extensions' ?1.3.1. The check for a
missing \description has been moved from tools::checkRd() to
tools::checkRdContents().
* R CMD check now visits inst/NEWS.Rd and OS-specific man
subdirectories when checking Rd files.
* tools::checkDocFiles() and tools::checkRdContents() now also
check internal Rd files by default, but "specially" (ignoring
missing documentation of arguments).
* R CMD Rdiff gets option --useEx.
* R CMD check now warns on non-portable uses of Fortran KIND such
as INTEGER(KIND=4) and REAL(KIND=8).
To see the failing lines set environment variable
_R_CHECK_FORTRAN_KIND_DETAILS_ to a true value.
* When checking Rd files, R CMD check now notes some of the "lost
braces" that tools::checkRd() finds. Typical problems are Rd
macros missing the initial backslash (e.g., code{...}), in-text
set notation (e.g., {1, 2}, where the braces need escaping), and
\itemize lists with \describe-style entries of the form
\item{label}{description}.
* R CMD INSTALL (and hence check) will compile C++ code with
-DR_NO_REMAP if environment variable _R_CXX_USE_NO_REMAP_ is set
to a true value. It is planned that this will in future become
the default for compiling C++.
* The new built-in Rd macro \dontdiff{} can be used to mark example
code whose output should be ignored when comparing check output
to reference output (tests/Examples/<pkg>-Ex.Rout.save). The
\dontdiff tag, like \donttest, is _not_ shown on the rendered
help page, so provides a clean alternative to ##
IGNORE_RDIFF_(BEGIN|END) comments.
* R CMD build when there is no NAMESPACE, now uses the recommended
exportPattern("^[^.]"), instead of exporting everything.
* R CMD check now warns about non-ASCII characters in the NAMESPACE
file (in addition to R files). Such packages are not portable and
may fail to install on some platforms.
C-LEVEL FACILITIES:
* Headers R_ext/Applic.h and R-ext/Linpack.h used to include
R_ext/BLAS.h although this was undocumented and unneeded by their
documented entry points. They no longer do so.
* New function R_missing(), factored out from do_missing(), used to
fix PR#18579.
* SEXP type S4SXP has been renamed to OBJSXP to support
experimenting with alternative object systems. The S4SXP value
can still be used in C code but is now deprecated. Based on
contributions from the R Consortium's Object-Oriented Programming
Working Group.
* New function pow1p(x,y) for accurate (1+x)^y.
* mkCharLenCE was incorrectly documented to take a size_t length
but was implemented with int (and character strings in R are
limited to 2^31 - 1 bytes).
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:
* data() no longer handles zipped data from long-defunct (since R
2.13.0) --use-zip-data installations.
* The legacy graphics devices pictex() and xfig() are now
deprecated. They do not support recent graphics enhancements and
their font handling is rudimentary. The intention is to retain
them for historical interest as long as they remain somewhat
functional.
* Support for encoding = "MacRoman" has been removed from the
pdf()
and postscript() devices - this was a legacy encoding supporting
classic macOS up to 2001 and no longer has universal libiconv
support.
* is.R() is deprecated as no other S dialect is known to be in use
(and this could only identify historical dialects, not future
ones).
Further information on calls can be obtained by setting the
environment variable _R_DEPRECATED_IS_R_ to error which turns the
deprecation warning into an error and so by default gives a
traceback. (This is done by R CMD check --as-cran.)
* UseMethod() no longer forwards local variables assigned in the
generic function into method call environments before evaluating
the method body. This makes method calls behave more like
standard function calls and makes method code easier to analyze
correctly.
* The twelve as.data.frame.<class>() methods which were deprecated
only via _R_CHECK_AS_DATA_FRAME_EXPLICIT_METHOD_ and in R CMD
check --as-cran are formally deprecated now in favour of calling
as.data.frame() or as.data.frame.vector(). The deprecation
"check" now works also when as.data.frame() is S4 generic thanks
to Ivan Krylov.
* The default method for the directional comparison operators <, >,
<=, and >= now signals an error when one of the operands is a
language object, i.e. a symbol or a call.
* For terms.formula(), deprecate abb and neg.out arguments
_formally_ in addition to just documenting it.
BUG FIXES:
* The methods package is more robust to not being attached to the
search path. More work needs to be done.
* pairwise.t.test() misbehaved when subgroups had 0 DF for
variance, even with pool.sd = TRUE. (PR#18594 by Jack Berry).
* Probability distribution functions [dpq]<distrib>(x, *), but also
bessel[IKJY](x, .) now consistently preserve attributes(x) when
length(x) == 0, e.g., for a 2 x 0 matrix, thanks to Karolis
Koncevi?ius' report PR#18509.
* Group "Summary" computations such as sum(1:3, 4, na.rm = 5, NA,
7, na.rm = LL) now give an error instead of either 17 or NN for
LL true or false, as proposed by Ivan Krylov on the R-devel
mailing list. (This also means it is now an error to specify
na.rm more than once.)
* as.complex(x) now returns complex(real = x, imaginary = 0) for
_all_ numerical and logical x, notably also for NA or
NA_integer_.
* Directories are now omitted by file.copy(, recursive = FALSE) and
in file.append() (PR#17337).
* gsub() and sub() are now more robust to integer overflow when
reporting errors caused by too large input strings (PR#18346).
* Top-level handlers are now more robust to attempts to remove a
handler whilst handlers are running (PR#18508).
* The handling of Alt+F4 in dialogs created on Windows using
GraphApp has been fixed (PR#13870).
* density() more consistently computes grid values for the
FFT-based convolution, following Robert Schlicht's analysis and
proposal in PR#18337, correcting density values typically by a
factor of about 0.999. Argument old.coords = TRUE provides back
compatibility.
* palette.colors() gains a name argument that defaults to FALSE
controlling whether the vector of colours that is returned has
names (where possible). PR#18529.
* tools::xgettext() no longer extracts the (non-translatable) class
names from warningCondition and errorCondition calls.
* S3method(<gen>, <class>, <func>) in the NAMESPACE file
now works
(again) when <func> is visible from the namespace, e.g.,
imported, or in base.
* getParseData(f) now also works for a function defined in the
first of several <pkg>/R/*.R source files, thanks to Kirill
M?ller's report and Duncan Murdoch's patch in PR#16756.
* Rd \Sexpr macros with nested #ifdef conditionals were not
processed.
* A non-blocking connection with non-default encoding (such as a
socket) now correctly returns from readLines() after new data has
arrived also when its EOF had been reached previously. Thanks to
Peter Meilstrup's report on R-devel and Ivan Krylov's report and
patch proposal in PR#18555.
* tools::checkRdContents() failed to detect empty argument
descriptions when they spanned multiple lines, including those
generated by prompt(). These cases are now noted by R CMD check.
* Plain-text help no longer outputs spurious colons in the
arguments list (for multi-line \item labels in the Rd source).
* kappa() and rcond() work correctly in more cases; kappa(., norm
"2") now warns that it computes the 1-norm with (default) exact
FALSE; prompted by Mikael Jagan's quite comprehensive PR#18543.
* Rd skeletons generated by prompt() or promptData() now use a
dummy title (so R CMD build works). tools::checkRdContents() has
been updated to detect such template leftovers, including from
promptPackage().
* When S4 method dispatch fails because no method was found, the
error message now includes the signature argument names; thanks
to Michael Chirico's proposal on the R-devel list.
* withAutoprint({ .. }) now preserves srcrefs previously lost,
thanks to Andrew Simmons' report plus fix in PR#18572.
* transform.data.frame() no longer adjusts names; in particular,
untransformed variables are kept as-is, including those with
syntactically invalid names (PR#17890).
* The keep.source option for Rd \Sexpr blocks is no longer ignored.
* The formula methods for t.test() and wilcox.test() now catch when
paired is passed, addressing PR#14359; use Pair(x1, x2) ~ 1 for a
paired test.
* The level reported in the browser prompt was often too large. It
now shows the number of browser contexts on the stack.
* For cbind() and rbind(), the optional deparse.level argument is
now properly passed to methods, thanks to Mikael Jagan's PR#18579
and comments there.
* Some error and warning messages for large ('long vector')
matrix(v, nr, nc) and dim(m) <- d are now correct about sizes,
using long long formatting, fixing PR#18612 (and more) reported
by Mikael Jagan.
* readChar(useBytes = TRUE) now terminates strings even when the
underlying connection uses extra spaces in the input buffer.
This fixes problems with extra garbage seen with gzip
connections, PR#18605.
* Named capture in PCRE regular expressions now works also with
more than 127 named groups (PR#18588).
* Datetime functions are now robust against long jumps when dealing
with internal time zone changes. This avoids confusing warnings
about an invalid time zone, previously triggered by turning
warnings into errors or handling them via tryCatch (PR#17966,
PR#17780).
* Datetime functions now restore even an empty TZ environment
variable after internal time zone changes (PR#17724). This makes
results of datetime functions with this (typically unintentional)
setting more predictable.
* drop.terms(*) now drops response as by default, keep.response FALSE,
fixing PR#18564 thanks to Mikael Jagan.
* dummy.coef(.) now also works for lm()-models with character
categorical predictor variables rather than factor ones, fixing
PR#18635 reported by Jinsong Zhao.
* formals(f) <- formals(f) now also works for a function w/o
arguments and atomic _constant_ body(f).
* Correct as.function(<invalid list>, .)'s error message.
* removeSource() is yet more thorough in finding and removing
"srcref" and the other source references from parsed R language
chunks, fixing PR#18638 thanks to Andrew Simmons.
* dgeom() is more accurate now, notably when its result is very
small, fixing PR#18642 thanks to the proposal of Morten Welinder,
also improving other instances where C level binom_raw(x, n, ..)
has x == 0 or x== n.
* warning() with options(warn = 1) has improved output for
multi-line messages.
* axis.Date() and axis.POSIXct() now respect the par("lab")
setting
for the number of pretty() intervals.
* Comparisons for language objects (which are based on deparsing)
are now more careful about using accurate deparsed results
(PR#18676).
* Plain-text help (Rd2txt) now correctly preserves blank lines
following single-line \dontrun code.
* <POSIXlt>[*] no longer sets wrong "balanced" attribute,
fixing
PR#18681 thanks to Mikael Jagan.
* str(<classed-call>) now deparses the call as expected, fixing
PR#18684, reported by Dave Slager.
* In Rd examples, code following the closing brace of a \dontrun,
\dontshow or \donttest tag on the same line is no longer skipped
when R CMD check runs the examples.
* as.data.frame(matrix(*, ncol=0)) now gets valid names() and
colnames(); reported by Davis Vaughan on the R-devel list.
* Internal Mathlib function stirlerr(n) is now almost fully
(52-bit) accurate for all n >= ~5.9 and more accurate also in the
range 1 -- 5.9. This entails small ("after 12th decimal")
changes in density functions, e.g., dgamma() in _some_ regions of
their support. The fix was partly prompted by Morten Welinder's
PR#18640.
* Numbers like 9876543.2 are now considered non-integer by Mathlib
internal R_nonint(), amending original fix of PR#15734.
* Rd comment lines no longer cause broken paragraphs in the
rendered PDF and plain-text help. In code blocks, pure comment
lines (starting with %) no longer produce an empty line.
* xtabs(Freq ~ .) now consistently defaults to na.action = na.pass,
using na.rm = FALSE (added as an argument) when summing over Freq
(PR#17770).
* tools::testInstalledPackage() is no longer silent about failures
from running examples or tests and its return code no longer
ignores failures from checking vignettes.
--
Peter Dalgaard, Professor,
Center for Statistics, Copenhagen Business School
Solbjerg Plads 3, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
Phone: (+45)38153501
Office: A 4.23
Email: pd.mes at cbs.dk Priv: PDalgd at gmail.com