All,
If we can speculatively execute a load instruction, why isn’t it safe to hoist
it out by promoting it to a scalar in LICM pass?
There is a comment in LICM pass that if a load/store is conditional then it is
not safe because it would break the LLVM concurrency model (See commit 73bfa4a).
It has an IR test for checking this in
test/Transforms/LICM/scalar-promote-memmodel.ll
However, I have a sample code where GCC is able to promote the memory to scalar
and hoist/sink load/store out of loop but LLVM cannot.
Is GCC being aggressive here or LLVM missing out an opportunity?
Here is my sample code:
extern int globalvar;
void foo(int n , int incr) {
unsigned int i;
for (i = 0 ; i < n; i += incr ) {
if (i < n/2)
globalvar += incr;
}
return;
}
GCC output:
$ aarch64-linux-gnu-g++ -S -o - -O3 -ffast-math -march=armv8-a+simd test.cpp
.arch armv8-a+fp+simd
.file "test.cpp"
.text
.align 2
.global _Z3fooii
.type _Z3fooii, %function
_Z3fooii:
.LFB0:
.cfi_startproc
cbz w0, .L1
adrp x6, globalvar
add w5, w0, w0, lsr 31
ldr w3, [x6,#:lo12:globalvar] <== hoist load of globalvar
mov w2, 0
asr w5, w5, 1
.L4:
cmp w5, w2
add w2, w2, w1
add w4, w3, w1
csel w3, w4, w3, hi
cmp w2, w0
bcc .L4
str w3, [x6,#:lo12:globalvar] <== sink store of globalvar
.L1:
ret
.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
.size _Z3fooii, .-_Z3fooii
.ident "GCC: (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1-4.8-2014.01 - Linaro GCC
2013.11) 4.9.0"
LLVM output:
$ clang-aarch64-x++ -S -o - -O3 -ffast-math -fslp-vectorize test.cpp
.text
.file "test.cpp"
.globl _Z3fooii
.align 2
.type _Z3fooii, at function
_Z3fooii: // @_Z3fooii
// BB#0: // %entry
cbz w0, .LBB0_5
// BB#1: // %for.body.lr.ph
mov w8, wzr
cmp w0, #0 // =0
cinc w9, w0, lt
asr w9, w9, #1
adrp x10, globalvar
.LBB0_2: // %for.body
// =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1
cmp w8, w9
b.hs .LBB0_4
// BB#3: // %if.then
// in Loop: Header=BB0_2 Depth=1
ldr w11, [x10, :lo12:globalvar] <===== load inside
loop
add w11, w11, w1
str w11, [x10, :lo12:globalvar] <==== store inside
loop
.LBB0_4: // %for.inc
// in Loop: Header=BB0_2 Depth=1
add w8, w8, w1
cmp w8, w0
b.lo .LBB0_2
.LBB0_5: // %for.end
ret
.Ltmp1:
.size _Z3fooii, .Ltmp1-_Z3fooii
.ident "clang version 3.6.0 "
Thanks,
Balaram
The problem here is that doing this can introduce a race which is undefined
at the IR level.
In the example you gave above I suspect that this is a bug in GCC. I may
have missed something in the assembly, but it appears that gcc loads a copy
of globalvar in w3, does stuff with w3 and then stores w3 in globalvar.
This is unsound in the case where the loop is run with n = 0.
For an example, if you have a thread run foo(0,0) in a loop (so not doing
anything) and another thread doing:
for (int i = 0 ; i <1000000 ; ++i) {
globalvar = i;
assert(globalvar == i);
}
the code should never assert. But if you host the load/store out of the
loop (as GCC appears to do), then occasionaly there will be something like
thread 2: globalvar = i (= 42)
thread 1: w3 = globalvar (= 42)
thread 2: ++i
thread 2: globalvar = i (= 43)
thread 1: globalvar =w3 (= 42)
thread 2: assert(globalvar == i)
And it will assert (42 == 43) and crash.
Shorter answer:
- speculatively executing stores is unsound because the value may have been
modified behind your back by another thread.
- speculatively executing loads might not be observable in some specific
case but may always introduce races, thus introducing undefined behaviour
and breaking assumptions that other passes may rely on.
Best regards,
Robin
On Tue, Sep 2, 2014 at 3:46 PM, Balaram Makam <bmakam at codeaurora.org>
wrote:
> All,
>
> If we can speculatively execute a load instruction, why isn’t it safe to
> hoist it out by promoting it to a scalar in LICM pass?
>
>
> There is a comment in LICM pass that if a load/store is conditional then
> it is not safe because it would break the LLVM concurrency model (See
> commit 73bfa4a).
> It has an IR test for checking this in
> test/Transforms/LICM/scalar-promote-memmodel.ll
>
> However, I have a sample code where GCC is able to promote the memory to
> scalar and hoist/sink load/store out of loop but LLVM cannot.
> Is GCC being aggressive here or LLVM missing out an opportunity?
>
> Here is my sample code:
>
> extern int globalvar;
> void foo(int n , int incr) {
> unsigned int i;
> for (i = 0 ; i < n; i += incr ) {
> if (i < n/2)
> globalvar += incr;
> }
> return;
> }
>
> GCC output:
>
> $ aarch64-linux-gnu-g++ -S -o - -O3 -ffast-math -march=armv8-a+simd
> test.cpp
> .arch armv8-a+fp+simd
> .file "test.cpp"
> .text
> .align 2
> .global _Z3fooii
> .type _Z3fooii, %function
> _Z3fooii:
> .LFB0:
> .cfi_startproc
> cbz w0, .L1
> adrp x6, globalvar
> add w5, w0, w0, lsr 31
> ldr w3, [x6,#:lo12:globalvar] <==
hoist
> load of globalvar
> mov w2, 0
> asr w5, w5, 1
> .L4:
> cmp w5, w2
> add w2, w2, w1
> add w4, w3, w1
> csel w3, w4, w3, hi
> cmp w2, w0
> bcc .L4
> str w3, [x6,#:lo12:globalvar] <== sink
> store of globalvar
> .L1:
> ret
> .cfi_endproc
> .LFE0:
> .size _Z3fooii, .-_Z3fooii
> .ident "GCC: (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1-4.8-2014.01 - Linaro
GCC
> 2013.11) 4.9.0"
>
> LLVM output:
>
> $ clang-aarch64-x++ -S -o - -O3 -ffast-math -fslp-vectorize test.cpp
> .text
> .file "test.cpp"
> .globl _Z3fooii
> .align 2
> .type _Z3fooii, at function
> _Z3fooii: // @_Z3fooii
> // BB#0: // %entry
> cbz w0, .LBB0_5
> // BB#1: // %for.body.lr.ph
> mov w8, wzr
> cmp w0, #0 // =0
> cinc w9, w0, lt
> asr w9, w9, #1
> adrp x10, globalvar
> .LBB0_2: // %for.body
> // =>This Inner Loop Header:
> Depth=1
> cmp w8, w9
> b.hs .LBB0_4
> // BB#3: // %if.then
> // in Loop: Header=BB0_2 Depth=1
> ldr w11, [x10, :lo12:globalvar]
<====> load inside loop
> add w11, w11, w1
> str w11, [x10, :lo12:globalvar]
<===> store inside loop
> .LBB0_4: // %for.inc
> // in Loop: Header=BB0_2 Depth=1
> add w8, w8, w1
> cmp w8, w0
> b.lo .LBB0_2
> .LBB0_5: // %for.end
> ret
> .Ltmp1:
> .size _Z3fooii, .Ltmp1-_Z3fooii
>
>
> .ident "clang version 3.6.0 "
>
> Thanks,
> Balaram
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> LLVM Developers mailing list
> LLVMdev at cs.uiuc.edu http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu
> http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/mailman/listinfo/llvmdev
>
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I forgot to add that we already reported something like that to the gcc developers who fixed it, but the fix is gated behind some obscure command line option: "--param allow-store-data-race=0". (The issue was found by an automated tool described in our previous paper http://www.di.ens.fr/~zappa/readings/pldi13.pdf). Could you retry compiling your code with that parameter ? If the hoisting/sinking disappears then it is definitely unsound in the way I described, and should not be done by LLVM. Thanks, Robin -------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/attachments/20140902/f498f5f5/attachment.html>
I think gcc is right. It inserted a branch for n == 0 (the cbz at the top), so that's not a problem. In all other regards, this is safe: if you examine the sequence of loads and stores, it eliminated all but the first load and all but the last store. How's that unsafe? If I had to guess, the bug here is that LLVM doesn't want to hoist the load over the condition (which it is right to want to avoid) but it fails to realize that the condition is true for the first iteration. -Filip> On Sep 2, 2014, at 4:23 PM, Robin Morisset <morisset at google.com> wrote: > > The problem here is that doing this can introduce a race which is undefined at the IR level. > In the example you gave above I suspect that this is a bug in GCC. I may have missed something in the assembly, but it appears that gcc loads a copy of globalvar in w3, does stuff with w3 and then stores w3 in globalvar. This is unsound in the case where the loop is run with n = 0. > For an example, if you have a thread run foo(0,0) in a loop (so not doing anything) and another thread doing: > for (int i = 0 ; i <1000000 ; ++i) { > globalvar = i; > assert(globalvar == i); > } > the code should never assert. But if you host the load/store out of the loop (as GCC appears to do), then occasionaly there will be something like > thread 2: globalvar = i (= 42) > thread 1: w3 = globalvar (= 42) > thread 2: ++i > thread 2: globalvar = i (= 43) > thread 1: globalvar =w3 (= 42) > thread 2: assert(globalvar == i) > And it will assert (42 == 43) and crash. > > Shorter answer: > - speculatively executing stores is unsound because the value may have been modified behind your back by another thread. > - speculatively executing loads might not be observable in some specific case but may always introduce races, thus introducing undefined behaviour and breaking assumptions that other passes may rely on. > > Best regards, > Robin > > >> On Tue, Sep 2, 2014 at 3:46 PM, Balaram Makam <bmakam at codeaurora.org> wrote: >> All, >> >> If we can speculatively execute a load instruction, why isn’t it safe to hoist it out by promoting it to a scalar in LICM pass? >> >> >> There is a comment in LICM pass that if a load/store is conditional then it is not safe because it would break the LLVM concurrency model (See commit 73bfa4a). >> It has an IR test for checking this in test/Transforms/LICM/scalar-promote-memmodel.ll >> >> However, I have a sample code where GCC is able to promote the memory to scalar and hoist/sink load/store out of loop but LLVM cannot. >> Is GCC being aggressive here or LLVM missing out an opportunity? >> >> Here is my sample code: >> >> extern int globalvar; >> void foo(int n , int incr) { >> unsigned int i; >> for (i = 0 ; i < n; i += incr ) { >> if (i < n/2) >> globalvar += incr; >> } >> return; >> } >> >> GCC output: >> >> $ aarch64-linux-gnu-g++ -S -o - -O3 -ffast-math -march=armv8-a+simd test.cpp >> .arch armv8-a+fp+simd >> .file "test.cpp" >> .text >> .align 2 >> .global _Z3fooii >> .type _Z3fooii, %function >> _Z3fooii: >> .LFB0: >> .cfi_startproc >> cbz w0, .L1 >> adrp x6, globalvar >> add w5, w0, w0, lsr 31 >> ldr w3, [x6,#:lo12:globalvar] <== hoist load of globalvar >> mov w2, 0 >> asr w5, w5, 1 >> .L4: >> cmp w5, w2 >> add w2, w2, w1 >> add w4, w3, w1 >> csel w3, w4, w3, hi >> cmp w2, w0 >> bcc .L4 >> str w3, [x6,#:lo12:globalvar] <== sink store of globalvar >> .L1: >> ret >> .cfi_endproc >> .LFE0: >> .size _Z3fooii, .-_Z3fooii >> .ident "GCC: (crosstool-NG linaro-1.13.1-4.8-2014.01 - Linaro GCC 2013.11) 4.9.0" >> >> LLVM output: >> >> $ clang-aarch64-x++ -S -o - -O3 -ffast-math -fslp-vectorize test.cpp >> .text >> .file "test.cpp" >> .globl _Z3fooii >> .align 2 >> .type _Z3fooii, at function >> _Z3fooii: // @_Z3fooii >> // BB#0: // %entry >> cbz w0, .LBB0_5 >> // BB#1: // %for.body.lr.ph >> mov w8, wzr >> cmp w0, #0 // =0 >> cinc w9, w0, lt >> asr w9, w9, #1 >> adrp x10, globalvar >> .LBB0_2: // %for.body >> // =>This Inner Loop Header: Depth=1 >> cmp w8, w9 >> b.hs .LBB0_4 >> // BB#3: // %if.then >> // in Loop: Header=BB0_2 Depth=1 >> ldr w11, [x10, :lo12:globalvar] <===== load inside loop >> add w11, w11, w1 >> str w11, [x10, :lo12:globalvar] <==== store inside loop >> .LBB0_4: // %for.inc >> // in Loop: Header=BB0_2 Depth=1 >> add w8, w8, w1 >> cmp w8, w0 >> b.lo .LBB0_2 >> .LBB0_5: // %for.end >> ret >> .Ltmp1: >> .size _Z3fooii, .Ltmp1-_Z3fooii >> >> >> .ident "clang version 3.6.0 " >> >> Thanks, >> Balaram >> >> >> _______________________________________________ >> LLVM Developers mailing list >> LLVMdev at cs.uiuc.edu http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu >> http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/mailman/listinfo/llvmdev > > _______________________________________________ > LLVM Developers mailing list > LLVMdev at cs.uiuc.edu http://llvm.cs.uiuc.edu > http://lists.cs.uiuc.edu/mailman/listinfo/llvmdev-------------- next part -------------- An HTML attachment was scrubbed... URL: <http://lists.llvm.org/pipermail/llvm-dev/attachments/20140902/114f2eaa/attachment.html>