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...th") [1] 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 # gsub gives expected output in Versions 2.2.0 & 2.3.0 gsub("[a]{1,}", "_", as.character(x), perl=T) [1] "x_x_x" Thanks in advance for your help. Thomas -- Thomas Girke, Ph.D. 1008 Noel T. Keen Hall Center for Plant Cell Biology (CEPCEB) University of California Riverside, CA 92521 E-mail: thomas.girke at ucr.edu Ph: 951-827-2469 Fax: 951-827-4437