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Dear Bert and Huzefa, Apologies for the late reply, my account got hacked and I have just managed to recover it. Thank you very much for your replies and the solutions. Both work well. I was wondering if there was any way to ensure (force) that all possible combinations show up in the output. The full dataset has 25 cities but of course people have not moved from Boston to all the other 24

or in base R : ?xtabs ?? as in: xtabs(~previous_location + current_location,data=x) (You can convert the 0s to NA's if you like) Cheers, Bert Bert Gunter "The trouble with having an open mind is that people keep coming along and sticking things into it." -- Opus (aka Berkeley Breathed in his "Bloom County" comic strip ) On Tue, May 8, 2018 at 9:21 AM, Huzefa