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Hi Everyone, I am stuck with a simple problem. Suppose I have a vector x, and I want to calculate y[i]=3Dx[i+1]-x[i], it is very easy. I just need to write y<-x[2:length(x)]-x[1:length(x)-1]. Now if I know y, and want to know the vector x defined by x[i]=3Dx[i-1]+y[i-1] for all i, how can I do this without a loop? Thanks, Geoffrey PS. Sorry if you see a duplicate message. The previous

...> ORG:IPI UK Ltd.;Client Services > TITLE:Client Services Manager - Europe > TEL;WORK;VOICE:0207 251 6767 > TEL;HOME;VOICE:0207 251 6767 > TEL;CELL;VOICE:0961 171 046 > TEL;HOME;FAX:0207 251 3161 > ADR;WORK;ENCODING=3DQUOTED-PRINTABLE:;IPI London;48-50 St. John = > St.=3D0D=3D0A;London;;EC1M;united Kingdom > LABEL;WORK;ENCODING=3DQUOTED-PRINTABLE:IPI London=3D0D=3D0A48-50 St. = > John St.=3D0D=3D0A=3D0D=3D0ALondon EC1M=3D0D=3D0Aunited Kingdo=3D > m > ADR;HOME;ENCODING=3DQUOTED-PRINTABLE:;;8 Edmeston = > Close=3D0D=3D0A;London;;E9 5TJ;United Kingdom > LABE...