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dear R wizards---more ignorance on my part, exacerbated by too few examples in the function documentations. > d <- data.frame( id=rep(1:3,3), x=rnorm(9), y=rnorm(9)) Question 1: how do I work with the output of "by"? for example, > b <- by( d, d$id, function(x) coef(lm( y ~ x, data=x ) )) > b d$id: 1 (Intercept) x 0.2303 0.3618