The build system rolled up R-4.0.0.tar.gz (codename "Arbor Day") this
morning.
The list below details the changes in this release.
You can get the source code from
http://cran.r-project.org/src/base/R-4/R-4.0.0.tar.gz
or wait for it to be mirrored at a CRAN site nearer to you.
Binaries for various platforms will appear in due course.
For the R Core Team,
Peter Dalgaard
These are the checksums (md5 and SHA-256) for the freshly created files, in case
you wish
to check that they are uncorrupted:
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R-4/R-4.0.0.tar.gz
This is the relevant part of the NEWS file
CHANGES IN 4.0.0:
SIGNIFICANT USER-VISIBLE CHANGES:
* Packages need to be (re-)installed under this version (4.0.0) of
R.
* matrix objects now also inherit from class "array", so e.g.,
class(diag(1)) is c("matrix", "array"). This
invalidates code
incorrectly assuming that class(matrix_obj)) has length one.
S3 methods for class "array" are now dispatched for matrix
objects.
* There is a new syntax for specifying _raw_ character constants
similar to the one used in C++: r"(...)" with ... any character
sequence not containing the sequence )". This makes it easier to
write strings that contain backslashes or both single and double
quotes. For more details see ?Quotes.
* R now uses a stringsAsFactors = FALSE default, and hence by
default no longer converts strings to factors in calls to
data.frame() and read.table().
A large number of packages relied on the previous behaviour and
so have needed/will need updating.
* The plot() S3 generic function is now in package base rather than
package graphics, as it is reasonable to have methods that do not
use the graphics package. The generic is currently re-exported
from the graphics namespace to allow packages importing it from
there to continue working, but this may change in future.
Packages which define S4 generics for plot() should be
re-installed and package code using such generics from other
packages needs to ensure that they are imported rather than rely
on their being looked for on the search path (as in a namespace,
the base namespace has precedence over the search path).
REFERENCE COUNTING:
* Reference counting is now used instead of the NAMED mechanism for
determining when objects can be safely mutated in base C code.
This reduces the need for copying in some cases and should allow
further optimizations in the future. It should help make the
internal code easier to maintain.
This change is expected to have almost no impact on packages
using supported coding practices in their C/C++ code.
MIGRATION TO PCRE2:
* This version of R is built against the PCRE2 library for
Perl-like regular expressions, if available. (On non-Windows
platforms PCRE1 can optionally be used if PCRE2 is not available
at build time.) The version of PCRE in use can be obtained _via_
extSoftVersion(): PCRE1 (formerly known as 'PCRE') has versions
<= 8, PCRE2 versions >= 10.
* Making PCRE2 available when building R from source is strongly
recommended (preferably version 10.30 or later) as PCRE1 is no
longer developed: version 8.44 is 'likely to be the final
release'.
* PCRE2 reports errors for some regular expressions that were
accepted by PCRE1. A hyphen now has to be escaped in a character
class to be interpreted as a literal (unless first or last in the
class definition). \R, \B and \X are no longer allowed in
character classes (PCRE1 treated these as literals).
* Option PCRE_study is no longer used with PCRE2, and is reported
as FALSE when that is in use.
NEW FEATURES:
* assertError() and assertWarning() (in package tools) can now
check for _specific_ error or warning classes _via_ the new
optional second argument classes (which is not back compatible
with previous use of an unnamed second argument).
* DF2formula(), the utility for the data frame method of formula(),
now works without parsing and explicit evaluation, starting from
Suharto Anggono's suggestion in PR#17555.
* approxfun() and approx() gain a new argument na.rm defaulting to
true. If set to false, missing y values now propagate into the
interpolated values.
* Long vectors are now supported as the seq argument of a for()
loop.
* str(x) gets a new deparse.lines option with a default to speed it
up when x is a large call object.
* The internal traceback object produced when an error is signalled
(.Traceback), now contains the calls rather than the _deparse()d_
calls, deferring the deparsing to the user-level functions
.traceback() and traceback(). This fulfils the wish of PR#17580,
reported including two patch proposals by Brodie Gaslam.
* data.matrix() now converts character columns to factors and from
this to integers.
* package.skeleton() now explicitly lists all exports in the
NAMESPACE file.
* New function .S3method() to register S3 methods in R scripts.
* file.path() has some support for file paths not in the session
encoding, e.g. with UTF-8 inputs in a non-UTF-8 locale the output
is marked as UTF-8.
* Most functions with file-path inputs will give an explicit error
if a file-path input in a marked encoding cannot be translated
(to the native encoding or in some cases on Windows to UTF-8),
rather than translate to a different file path using escapes.
Some (such as dir.exists(), file.exists(), file.access(),
file.info(), list.files(), normalizePath() and path.expand())
treat this like any other non-existent file, often with a
warning.
* There is a new help document accessed by help("file path
encoding") detailing how file paths with marked encodings are
handled.
* New function list2DF() for creating data frames from lists of
variables.
* iconv() has a new option sub = "Unicode" to translate UTF-8
input
invalid in the to encoding using <U+xxxx> escapes.
* There is a new function infoRDS() providing information about the
serialization format of a serialized object.
* S3 method lookup now by default skips the elements of the search
path between the global and base environments.
* Added an argument add_datalist(*, small.size = 0) to allow the
creation of a data/datalist file even when the total size of the
data sets is small.
* The backquote function bquote() has a new argument splice to
enable splicing a computed list of values into an expression,
like ,@ in LISP's backquote.
* The formula interface to t.test() and wilcox.test() has been
extended to handle one-sample and paired tests.
* The palette() function has a new default set of colours (which
are less saturated and have better accessibility properties).
There are also some new built-in palettes, which are listed by
the new palette.pals() function. These include the old default
palette under the name "R3". Finally, the new palette.colors()
function allows a subset of colours to be selected from any of
the built-in palettes.
* n2mfrow() gains an option asp = 1 to specify the aspect ratio,
fulfilling the wish and extending the proposal of Michael Chirico
in PR#17648.
* For head(x, n) and tail() the default and other S3 methods
notably for _vector_ n, e.g. to get a "corner" of a matrix, has
been extended to array's of higher dimension thanks to the patch
proposal by Gabe Becker in PR#17652. Consequently, optional
argument addrownums is deprecated and replaced by the (more
general) argument keepnums. An invalid second argument n now
leads to typically more easily readable error messages.
* New function .class2() provides the full character vector of
class names used for S3 method dispatch.
* Printing methods(..) now uses a new format() method.
* sort.list(x) now works for non-atomic objects x and method
"auto" (the default) or "radix" in cases order(x) works.
* Where they are available, writeBin() allows long vectors.
* New function deparse1() produces one string, wrapping deparse(),
to be used typically in deparse1(substitute(*)), e.g., to fix
PR#17671.
* wilcox.test() enhancements: In the (non-paired) two-sample case,
Inf values are treated as very large for robustness consistency.
If exact computations are used, the result now has "exact" in
the
method element of its return value. New arguments tol.root and
digits.rank where the latter may be used for stability to treat
very close numbers as ties.
* readBin() and writeBin() now report an error for an invalid
endian value. The affected code needs to be fixed with care as
the old undocumented behavior was to swap endian-ness in such
cases.
* sequence() is now an S3 generic with an internally implemented
default method, and gains arguments to generate more complex
sequences. Based on code from the S4Vectors Bioconductor package
and the advice of Herv'e Pag`es.
* print()'s default method and many other methods (by calling the
default eventually and passing ...) now make use of a new
optional width argument, avoiding the need for the user to set
and reset options("width").
* memDecompress() supports the RFC 1952 format (e.g. in-memory
copies of gzip-compressed files) as well as RFC 1950.
* memCompress() and memDecompress() support long raw vectors for
types "gzip" and "zx".
* sweep() and slice.index() can now use names of dimnames for their
MARGIN argument (apply has had this for almost a decade).
* New function proportions() and marginSums(). These should replace
the unfortunately named prop.table() and margin.table(). They are
drop-in replacements, but also add named-margin functionality.
The old function names are retained as aliases for
back-compatibility.
* Functions rbinom(), rgeom(), rhyper(), rpois(), rnbinom(),
rsignrank() and rwilcox() which have returned integer since R
3.0.0 and hence NA when the numbers would have been outside the
integer range, now return double vectors (without NAs, typically)
in these cases.
* matplot(x,y) (and hence matlines() and matpoints()) now call the
corresponding methods of plot() and lines(), e.g, when x is a
"Date" or "POSIXct" object; prompted by Spencer
Graves'
suggestion.
* stopifnot() now allows customizing error messages via argument
names, thanks to a patch proposal by Neal Fultz in PR#17688.
* unlink() gains a new argument expand to disable wildcard and
tilde expansion. Elements of x of value "~" are now ignored.
* mle() in the stats4 package has had its interface extended so
that arguments to the negative log-likelihood function can be one
or more vectors, with similar conventions applying to bounds,
start values, and parameter values to be kept fixed. This
required a minor extension to class "mle", so saved objects from
earlier versions may need to be recomputed.
* The default for pdf() is now useDingbats = FALSE.
* The default fill colour for hist() and boxplot() is now col
"lightgray".
* The default order of the levels on the y-axis for spineplot() and
cdplot() has been reversed.
* If the R_ALWAYS_INSTALL_TESTS environment variable is set to a
true value, R CMD INSTALL behaves as if the --install-tests
option is always specified. Thanks to Reinhold Koch for the
suggestion.
* New function R_user_dir() in package tools suggests paths
appropriate for storing R-related user-specific data,
configuration and cache files.
* capabilities() gains a new logical option Xchk to avoid warnings
about X11-related capabilities.
* The internal implementation of grid units has changed, but the
only visible effects at user-level should be
* a slightly different print format for some units (especially
unit arithmetic),
* faster performance (for unit operations) and
* two new functions unitType() and unit.psum().
Based on code contributed by Thomas Lin Pedersen.
* When internal dispatch for rep.int() and rep_len() fails, there
is an attempt to dispatch on the equivalent call to rep().
* Object .Machine now contains new longdouble.* entries (when R
uses long doubles internally).
* news() has been enhanced to cover the news on R 3.x and 2.x.
* For consistency, N <- NULL; N[[1]] <- val now turns N into a list
also when val) has length one. This enables dimnames(r1)[[1]] <-
"R1" for a 1-row matrix r1, fixing PR#17719 reported by Serguei
Sokol.
* deparse(..), dump(..), and dput(x, control = "all") now include
control option "digits17" which typically ensures 1:1
invertibility. New option control = "exact" ensures numeric
exact invertibility via "hexDigits".
* When loading data sets via read.table(), data() now uses
LC_COLLATE=C to ensure locale-independent results for possible
string-to-factor conversions.
* A server socket connection, a new connection type representing a
listening server socket, is created via serverSocket() and can
accept multiple socket connections via socketAccept().
* New function socketTimeout() changes the connection timeout of a
socket connection.
* The time needed to start a homogeneous PSOCK cluster on localhost
with many nodes has been significantly reduced (package
parallel).
* New globalCallingHandlers() function to establish global
condition handlers. This allows registering default handlers for
specific condition classes. Developed in collaboration with
Lionel Henry.
* New function tryInvokeRestart() to invoke a specified restart if
one is available and return without signaling an error if no such
restart is found. Contributed by Lionel Henry in PR#17598.
* str(x) now shows the length of attributes in some cases for a
data frame x.
* Rprof() gains a new argument filter.callframes to request that
intervening call frames due to lazy evaluation or explicit eval()
calls be omitted from the recorded profile data. Contributed by
Lionel Henry in PR#17595.
* The handling of ${FOO-bar} and ${FOO:-bar} in Renviron files now
follows POSIX shells (at least on a Unix-alike), so the first
treats empty environment variables as set and the second does
not. Previously both ignored empty variables. There are several
uses of the first form in etc/Renviron.
* New classes argument for suppressWarnings() and
suppressMessages() to selectively suppress only warnings or
messages that inherit from particular classes. Based on patch
from Lionel Henry submitted with PR#17619.
* New function activeBindingFunction() retrieves the function of an
active binding.
* New "cairoFT" and "pango" components in the output of
grSoftVersion().
* New argument symbolfamily in cairo-based graphics devices and new
function cairoSymbolFont() that can be used to provide the value
for that argument.
Windows:
* Rterm now works also when invoked from MSYS2 terminals. Line
editing is possible when command winpty is installed.
* normalizePath() now resolves symbolic links and normalizes case
of long names of path elements in case-insensitive folders
(PR#17165).
* md5sum() supports UTF-8 file names with characters that cannot be
translated to the native encoding (PR#17633).
* Rterm gains a new option --workspace to specify the workspace to
be restored. This allows equals to be part of the name when
opening _via_ Windows file associations (reported by Christian
Asseburg).
* Rterm now accepts ALT+xxx sequences also with NumLock on. Tilde
can be pasted with an Italian keyboard (PR#17679).
* R falls back to copying when junction creation fails during
package checking (patch from Duncan Murdoch).
DEPRECATED AND DEFUNCT:
* Make macro F77_VISIBILITY has been removed and replaced by
F_VISIBILITY.
* Make macros F77, FCPIFCPLAGS and SHLIB_OPENMP_FCFLAGS have been
removed and replaced by FC, FPICFLAGS and SHLIB_OPENMP_FFLAGS
respectively. (Most make programs will set F77 to the value of
FC, which is set for package compilation. But portable code
should not rely on this.)
* The deprecated support for specifying C++98 for package
installation has been removed.
* R CMD config no longer knows about the unused settings F77 and
FCPIFCPLAGS, nor CXX98 and similar.
* Either PCRE2 or PCRE1 >= 8.32 (Nov 2012) is required: the
deprecated provision for 8.20-8.31 has been removed.
* Defunct functions mem.limits(), .readRDS(),
.saveRDS(),..find.package(), and .path.package() from package
base and allGenerics(), getAccess(), getAllMethods(),
getClassName(), getClassPackage(), getExtends(), getProperties(),
getPrototype(), getSubclasses(), getVirtual(), mlistMetaName(),
removeMethodsObject(), seemsS4Object(), traceOff(), and traceOn()
from methods have been removed.
C-LEVEL FACILITIES:
* installChar is now remapped in Rinternals.h to installTrChar, of
which it has been a wrapper since R 3.6.0. Neither are part of
the API, but packages using installChar can replace it if they
depend on R >= 3.6.2.
* Header R_ext/Print.h defines R_USE_C99_IN_CXX and hence exposes
Rvprintf and REvprintf if used with a C++11 (or later) compiler.
* There are new Fortran subroutines dblepr1, realpr1 and intpr1 to
print a scalar variable (gfortran 10 enforces the distinction
between scalars and length-one arrays). Also labelpr to print
just a label.
* R_withCallingErrorHandler is now available for establishing a
calling handler in C code for conditions inheriting from class
error.
INSTALLATION on a UNIX-ALIKE:
* User-set DEFS (e.g., in config.site) is now used for compiling
packages (including base packages).
* There is a new variant option --enable-lto=check for checking
consistency of BLAS/LAPACK/LINPACK calls - see 'Writing R
Extensions'.
* A C++ compiler default is set only if the C++11 standard is
supported: it no longer falls back to C++98.
* PCRE2 is used if available. To make use of PCRE1 if PCRE2 is
unavailable, configure with option --with-pcre1.
* The minimum required version of libcurl is now 7.28.0 (Oct 2012).
* New make target distcheck checks
* R can be rebuilt from the tarball created by make dist,
* the build from the tarball passes make check-all,
* the build installs and uninstalls,
* the source files are properly cleaned by make distclean.
UTILITIES:
* R --help now mentions the option --no-echo (renamed from --slave)
and its previously undocumented short form -s.
* R CMD check now optionally checks configure and cleanup scripts
for non-Bourne-shell code ('bashisms').
* R CMD check --as-cran now runs \donttest examples (which are run
by example()) instead of instructing the tester to do so. This
can be temporarily circumvented during development by setting
environment variable _R_CHECK_DONTTEST_EXAMPLES_ to a false
value.
PACKAGE INSTALLATION:
* There is the beginnings of support for the recently approved
C++20 standard, specified analogously to C++14 and C++17. There
is currently only limited support for this in compilers, with
flags such as -std=c++20 and -std=c++2a. For the time being the
configure test is of accepting one of these flags and compiling
C++17 code.
BUG FIXES:
* formula(x) with length(x) > 1 character vectors, is deprecated
now. Such use has been rare, and has 'worked' as expected in
some cases only. In other cases, wrong x have silently been
truncated, not detecting previous errors.
* Long-standing issue where the X11 device could lose events
shortly after startup has been addressed (PR#16702).
* The data.frame method for rbind() no longer drops <NA> levels
from factor columns by default (PR#17562).
* available.packages() and hence install.packages() now pass their
... argument to download.file(), fulfilling the wish of PR#17532;
subsequently, available.packages() gets new argument quiet,
solving PR#17573.
* stopifnot() gets new argument exprObject to allow an R object of
class expression (or other 'language') to work more consistently,
thanks to suggestions by Suharto Anggono.
* conformMethod() now works correctly in cases containing a "&&
logic" bug, reported by Henrik Bengtsson. It now creates methods
with "missing" entries in the signature. Consequently,
rematchDefinition() is amended to use appropriate .local() calls
with named arguments where needed.
* format.default(*, scientific = FALSE) now corresponds to a
practically most extreme options(scipen = n) setting rather than
arbitrary n = 100.
* format(as.symbol("foo")) now works (returning "foo").
* postscript(.., title = *) now signals an error when the title
string contains a character which would produce corrupt
PostScript, thanks to PR#17607 by Daisuko Ogawa.
* Certain Ops (notably comparison such as ==) now also work for
0-length data frames, after reports by Hilmar Berger.
* methods(class = class(glm(..))) now warns more usefully and only
once.
* write.dcf() no longer mangles field names (PR#17589).
* Primitive replacement functions no longer mutate a referenced
first argument when used outside of a complex assignment context.
* A better error message for contour(*, levels = Inf).
* The return value of contourLines() is no longer invisible().
* The Fortran code for calculating the coefficients component in
lm.influence() was very inefficient. It has (for now) been
replaced with much faster R code (PR#17624).
* cm.colors(n) _etc_ no longer append the code for alpha = 1,
"FF",
to all colors. Hence all eight *.colors() functions and
rainbow() behave consistently and have the same non-explicit
default (PR#17659).
* dnorm had a problematic corner case with sd == -Inf or negative
sd which was not flagged as an error in all cases. Thanks to
Stephen D. Weigand for reporting and Wang Jiefei for analyzing
this; similar change has been made in dlnorm().
* The optional iter.smooth argument of plot.lm(), (the plot()
method for lm and glm fits) now defaults to 0 for all glm fits.
Especially for binary observations with high or low fitted
probabilities, this effectively deleted all observations of 1 or
0. Also, the type of residuals used in the glm case has been
switched to "pearson" since deviance residuals do not in general
have approximately zero mean.
* In plot.lm, Cook's distance was computed from unweighted
residuals, leading to inconsistencies. Replaced with usual
weighted version. (PR#16056)
* Time-series ts(*, start, end, frequency) with fractional
frequency are supported more consistently; thanks to a report
from Johann Kleinbub and analysis and patch by Duncan Murdoch in
PR#17669.
* In case of errors mcmapply() now preserves attributes of returned
"try-error" objects and avoids simplification, overriding
SIMPLIFY to FALSE. (PR#17653)
* as.difftime() gets new optional tz = "UTC" argument which should
fix behaviour during daylight-savings-changeover days, fixing
PR#16764, thanks to proposals and analysis by Johannes Ranke and
Kirill M"uller.
* round() does a better job of rounding _"to nearest"_ by
_measuring_ and _"to even"_; thanks to a careful algorithm
originally prompted by the report from Adam Wheeler and then
others, in PR#17668.
round(x, dig) for _negative_ digits is much more rational now,
notably for large |dig|.
* Inheritance information on S4 classes is maintained more
consistently, particularly in the case of class unions (in part
due to PR#17596 and a report from Ezra Tucker).
* is() behaves more robustly when its argument class2 is a
classRepresentation object.
* The warning message when attempting to export an nonexistent
class is now more readable; thanks to Thierry Onkelinx for
recognizing the problem.
* choose() misbehaved in corner cases where it switched n - k for k
and n was only _nearly_ integer (report from Erik Scott Wright).
* mle() in the stats4 package had problems combining use of box
constraints and fixed starting values (in particular, confidence
intervals were affected).
* Operator ? now has lower precedence than = to work as documented,
so = behaves like <- in help expressions (PR#16710).
* smoothEnds(x) now returns integer type in _both_ cases when x is
integer, thanks to a report and proposal by Bill Dunlap PR#17693.
* The methods package does a better job of tracking inheritance
relationships across packages.
* norm(diag(c(1, NA)), "2") now works.
* subset() had problems with 0-col dataframes (reported by Bill
Dunlap, PR#17721).
* Several cases of integer overflow detected by the 'undefined
behaviour sanitizer' of clang 10 have been circumvented. One in
rhyper() may change the generated value for large input values.
* dotchart() now places the y-axis label (ylab) much better, not
overplotting labels, thanks to a report and suggestion by Alexey
Shipunov.
* A rare C-level array overflow in chull() has been worked around.
* Some invalid specifications of the day-of-the-year (_via_ %j,
e.g. day 366 in 2017) or week plus day-of-the-week are now
detected by strptime(). They now return NA but give a warning as
they may have given random results or corrupted memory in earlier
versions of R.
* socketConnection(server = FALSE) now respects the connection
timeout also on Linux.
* socketConnection(server = FALSE) no longer leaks a connection
that is available right away without waiting (e.g. on localhost).
* Socket connections are now robust against spurious readability
and spurious availability of an incoming connection.
* blocking = FALSE is now respected also on the server side of a
socket connection, allowing non-blocking read operations.
* anova.glm() and anova.glmlist() computed incorrect score (Rao)
tests in no-intercept cases. (Andr'e Gillibert, PR#17734)
* summaryRprof() now should work correctly for the Rprof(*,
memory.profiling=TRUE) case with small chunk size (and "tseries"
or similar) thanks to a patch proposal by Benjamin Tyner, in
PR#15886.
* xgettext() ignores strings passed to ngettext(), since the latter
is handled by xngettext(). Thanks to Daniele Medri for the report
and all the recent work he has done on the Italian translations.
* data(package = "P") for P in base and stats no longer reports
the
data sets from package datasets (which it did for back
compatibility for 16 years), fixing PR#17730.
* x[[Inf]] (returning NULL) no longer leads to undefined behavior,
thanks to a report by Kirill M"uller in PR#17756. Further,
x[[-Inf]] and x[[-n]] now give more helpful error messages.
* Gamma() family sometimes had trouble storing link name PR#15891
BUG FIXES (Windows):
* Sys.glob() now supports all characters from the Unicode Basic
Multilingual Plane, no longer corrupting some (less commonly
used) characters (PR#17638).
* Rterm now correctly displays multi-byte-coded characters
representable in the current native encoding (at least on Windows
10 they were sometimes omitted, PR#17632).
* scan() issues with UTF-8 data when running in a DBCS locale have
been resolved (PR#16520, PR#16584).
* RTerm now accepts enhanced/arrow keys also with ConPTY.
* R can can now be started _via_ the launcher icon in a user
documents directory whose path is not representable in the system
encoding.
* socketConnection(server = FALSE) now returns instantly also on
Windows when connection failure is signalled.
* Problems with UTF-16 surrogate pairs have been fixed in several
functions, including tolower() and toupper() (PR#17645).
CHANGES in previous versions:
* Older news can be found in text format in files NEWS.0, NEWS.1,
NEWS.2 and NEWS.3 in the doc directory. News in HTML format for R
versions 3.x and from 2.10.0 to 2.15.3 is available at
doc/html/NEWS.3.html and doc/html/NEWS.2.html.
--
Peter Dalgaard, Professor,
Center for Statistics, Copenhagen Business School
Solbjerg Plads 3, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark
Phone: (+45)38153501
Office: A 4.23
Email: pd.mes at cbs.dk Priv: PDalgd at gmail.com
