Yuan Chun Ding
2020-Mar-16 04:11 UTC
[R] find multiple mode, sorry for not providing enough information
sorry, I just came back. Yes, Abby's understanding is right.> tem4$Var1[1] 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 31> tem4$Freq[1] 1 2 5 5 10 4 4 8 1 1 8 8 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 138 149 14 1 1 I have 2000 markers, this is just one example marker, the var1 is a VNTR marker with alleles 1, 3, 4 etc, a multi-allele marker; the corresponding frequency for each allele is 1,2 5 etc. I want to convert this multi-allele marker to bi-allele markers by choosing a cutoff value; I would want the cut point to be allele 6 with frequency of 10, so allele 1 to allele 9 are considered as "short" allele, allele 10 to 31 as "long" allele; then sliding to next rsing frequency peak, allele 8 with frequency of 8, etc. maybe those rising peaks are not really multiple modes, but I want to do this type of data conversion. I want to first determine the number of modes, then convert input dat file into m different input files, then perform Cox regression analysis for each converted file. I am stuck in the step of find out m rise peaks. Thank you, Ding tem <- as.data.frame(t(dat[i,,drop=F])) names(tem)<-"V1" tem <- tem[which(tem$V1!=""),,drop=F] tem2 <-separate(tem, col=V1, into=c("m1","m2"), convert = T) tem3 <-gather(tem2, marker, VNTR_repeats, m1:m2) tem4 <-as.data.frame(t(t(table(tem3$VNTR_repeats))))[,c(1,3)] tem4$Var1 <-as.numeric(as.character(tem4$Var1)) tem4 <-tem4[order(tem4$Var1),] m<- ________________________________________ From: Abby Spurdle [spurdle.a at gmail.com] Sent: Sunday, March 15, 2020 3:42 PM To: Jim Lemon Cc: Yuan Chun Ding; r-help mailing list Subject: Re: [R] find multiple mode I think people have misinterpreted the question. The OP wants local maxima from the series. The original series is frequencies, so your table is frequencies of frequencies. A solution can be derived by looking at signs of the first and second differences. But there may be a simpler way???? On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 10:24 AM Jim Lemon <drjimlemon at gmail.com> wrote:> > Hi Ding, > Translating this into R code: > > freq<-c(1,2,5,5,10,4,4,8,1,1,8,8,2,4,3,1,2,1,1,138,149,14,1,1) > > table(freq) > freq > 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 14 138 149 > 8 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 > > library(prettyR) > > Mode(freq) > [1] "1" > > You have a single modal value (1). If there were at most two ones, you > would have three values (2,4,8) that could be considered multiple > modes. What you seem to be doing is considering values that are not > separated by commas as modes. Perhaps this is a formatting problem > with your email. > > Jim > > On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 7:55 AM Yuan Chun Ding <ycding at coh.org> wrote: > > > > Hi R users, > > > > I want to find multiple modes (10, 8, 149) for the following vector. > > > > freq =1,2,5,5 10,4,4,8,1,1,8,8,2,4,3,1,2,1,1 138 149 14,1,1; > > > > any suggestion? > > > > Thank you, > > > > Ding > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > > -SECURITY/CONFIDENTIALITY WARNING- > > > > This message and any attachments are intended solely for the individual or entity to which they are addressed. This communication may contain information that is privileged, confidential, or exempt from disclosure under applicable law (e.g., personal health information, research data, financial information). Because this e-mail has been sent without encryption, individuals other than the intended recipient may be able to view the information, forward it to others or tamper with the information without the knowledge or consent of the sender. If you are not the intended recipient, or the employee or person responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, any dissemination, distribution or copying of the communication is strictly prohibited. If you received the communication in error, please notify the sender immediately by replying to this message and deleting the message and any accompanying files from your system. If, due to the security risks, you do not wish to r > ec > > eive further communications via e-mail, please reply to this message and inform the sender that you do not wish to receive further e-mail from the sender. (LCP301) > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > > > ______________________________________________ > > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > > https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh7SE8vZj$ > > PLEASE do read the posting guide https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh07mJrDD$ > > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh7SE8vZj$ > PLEASE do read the posting guide https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh07mJrDD$ > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
Bert Gunter
2020-Mar-16 04:35 UTC
[R] find multiple mode, sorry for not providing enough information
You **might** do better pursuing this sort of thing on the Bioconductor site: https://www.bioconductor.org/help/ They often have professionally written R packages tailored for genomics so that you don't need to shake and bake your own with all the dangers that entails (not least of which may be that your methodology is suspect). Bert Gunter "The trouble with having an open mind is that people keep coming along and sticking things into it." -- Opus (aka Berkeley Breathed in his "Bloom County" comic strip ) On Sun, Mar 15, 2020 at 9:11 PM Yuan Chun Ding <ycding at coh.org> wrote:> sorry, I just came back. > > Yes, Abby's understanding is right. > > > tem4$Var1 > [1] 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 > 20 21 22 23 24 25 31 > > tem4$Freq > [1] 1 2 5 5 10 4 4 8 1 1 8 8 2 4 3 > 1 2 1 1 138 149 14 1 1 > > I have 2000 markers, this is just one example marker, the var1 is a VNTR > marker with alleles 1, 3, 4 etc, a multi-allele marker; the corresponding > frequency for each allele is 1,2 5 etc. I want to convert this > multi-allele marker to bi-allele markers by choosing a cutoff value; I > would want the cut point to be allele 6 with frequency of 10, so allele 1 > to allele 9 are considered as "short" allele, allele 10 to 31 as "long" > allele; then sliding to next rsing frequency peak, allele 8 with frequency > of 8, etc. > > maybe those rising peaks are not really multiple modes, but I want to do > this type of data conversion. I want to first determine the number of > modes, then convert input dat file into m different input files, then > perform Cox regression analysis for each converted file. I am stuck in the > step of find out m rise peaks. > > Thank you, > > Ding > > tem <- as.data.frame(t(dat[i,,drop=F])) > names(tem)<-"V1" > tem <- tem[which(tem$V1!=""),,drop=F] > tem2 <-separate(tem, col=V1, into=c("m1","m2"), convert = T) > tem3 <-gather(tem2, marker, VNTR_repeats, m1:m2) > tem4 <-as.data.frame(t(t(table(tem3$VNTR_repeats))))[,c(1,3)] > tem4$Var1 <-as.numeric(as.character(tem4$Var1)) > tem4 <-tem4[order(tem4$Var1),] > m<- > ________________________________________ > From: Abby Spurdle [spurdle.a at gmail.com] > Sent: Sunday, March 15, 2020 3:42 PM > To: Jim Lemon > Cc: Yuan Chun Ding; r-help mailing list > Subject: Re: [R] find multiple mode > > I think people have misinterpreted the question. > The OP wants local maxima from the series. > > The original series is frequencies, so your table is frequencies of > frequencies. > > A solution can be derived by looking at signs of the first and second > differences. > But there may be a simpler way???? > > On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 10:24 AM Jim Lemon <drjimlemon at gmail.com> wrote: > > > > Hi Ding, > > Translating this into R code: > > > > freq<-c(1,2,5,5,10,4,4,8,1,1,8,8,2,4,3,1,2,1,1,138,149,14,1,1) > > > table(freq) > > freq > > 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 14 138 149 > > 8 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 > > > library(prettyR) > > > Mode(freq) > > [1] "1" > > > > You have a single modal value (1). If there were at most two ones, you > > would have three values (2,4,8) that could be considered multiple > > modes. What you seem to be doing is considering values that are not > > separated by commas as modes. Perhaps this is a formatting problem > > with your email. > > > > Jim > > > > On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 7:55 AM Yuan Chun Ding <ycding at coh.org> wrote: > > > > > > Hi R users, > > > > > > I want to find multiple modes (10, 8, 149) for the following vector. > > > > > > freq =1,2,5,5 10,4,4,8,1,1,8,8,2,4,3,1,2,1,1 138 149 14,1,1; > > > > > > any suggestion? > > > > > > Thank you, > > > > > > Ding > > > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > > > -SECURITY/CONFIDENTIALITY WARNING- > > > > > > This message and any attachments are intended solely for the > individual or entity to which they are addressed. This communication may > contain information that is privileged, confidential, or exempt from > disclosure under applicable law (e.g., personal health information, > research data, financial information). Because this e-mail has been sent > without encryption, individuals other than the intended recipient may be > able to view the information, forward it to others or tamper with the > information without the knowledge or consent of the sender. If you are not > the intended recipient, or the employee or person responsible for > delivering the message to the intended recipient, any dissemination, > distribution or copying of the communication is strictly prohibited. If you > received the communication in error, please notify the sender immediately > by replying to this message and deleting the message and any accompanying > files from your system. If, due to the security risks, you do not wish to r > > ec > > > eive further communications via e-mail, please reply to this message > and inform the sender that you do not wish to receive further e-mail from > the sender. (LCP301) > > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > > > > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > > > > > ______________________________________________ > > > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > > > > https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh7SE8vZj$ > > > PLEASE do read the posting guide > https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh07mJrDD$ > > > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > > > > ______________________________________________ > > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > > > https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh7SE8vZj$ > > PLEASE do read the posting guide > https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh07mJrDD$ > > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help > PLEASE do read the posting guide > http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. >[[alternative HTML version deleted]]
Yuan Chun Ding
2020-Mar-16 05:00 UTC
[R] find multiple mode, sorry for not providing enough information
You **might** do better pursuing this sort of thing on the Bioconductor site: https://www.bioconductor.org/help/<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.bioconductor.org/help/__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!441uqddHFvpuq6wfAy-jNNUZ8Dz_jGxN9itKerhoPxav-yjaqUkpwPhN4bJJ$> They often have professionally written R packages tailored for genomics so that you don't need to shake and bake your own with all the dangers that entails (not least of which may be that your methodology is suspect). Bert Gunter "The trouble with having an open mind is that people keep coming along and sticking things into it." -- Opus (aka Berkeley Breathed in his "Bloom County" comic strip ) Thank you, Bert! I just realized that I made a typo in the following email, so I modified it using the red font. we are doing genomics work, but this is a understudied genomic research, so no professional packages. I admit that what I am doing is pretty explorative. On Sun, Mar 15, 2020 at 9:11 PM Yuan Chun Ding <ycding at coh.org<mailto:ycding at coh.org>> wrote: sorry, I just came back. Yes, Abby's understanding is right.> tem4$Var1[1] 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 31> tem4$Freq[1] 1 2 5 5 10 4 4 8 1 1 8 8 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 138 149 14 1 1 I have 2000 markers, this is just one example marker, the var1 is a VNTR marker with alleles 1, 3, 4 etc, a multi-allele marker; the corresponding frequency for each allele is 1,2 5 etc. I want to convert this multi-allele marker to bi-allele markers by choosing a cutoff value; I would want the cut point to be allele 6 with frequency of 10, so allele 1 to allele 5 are considered as "short" allele, allele 6 to 31 as "long" allele; then sliding to next rsing frequency peak, allele 8 with frequency of 8, etc. maybe those rising peaks are not really multiple modes, but I want to do this type of data conversion. I want to first determine the number of modes, then convert input dat file into m different input files, then perform Cox regression analysis for each converted file. I am stuck in the step of find out m rise peaks. Thank you, Ding tem <- as.data.frame(t(dat[i,,drop=F])) names(tem)<-"V1" tem <- tem[which(tem$V1!=""),,drop=F] tem2 <-separate(tem, col=V1, into=c("m1","m2"), convert = T) tem3 <-gather(tem2, marker, VNTR_repeats, m1:m2) tem4 <-as.data.frame(t(t(table(tem3$VNTR_repeats))))[,c(1,3)] tem4$Var1 <-as.numeric(as.character(tem4$Var1)) tem4 <-tem4[order(tem4$Var1),] m<- ________________________________________ From: Abby Spurdle [spurdle.a at gmail.com<mailto:spurdle.a at gmail.com>] Sent: Sunday, March 15, 2020 3:42 PM To: Jim Lemon Cc: Yuan Chun Ding; r-help mailing list Subject: Re: [R] find multiple mode I think people have misinterpreted the question. The OP wants local maxima from the series. The original series is frequencies, so your table is frequencies of frequencies. A solution can be derived by looking at signs of the first and second differences. But there may be a simpler way???? On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 10:24 AM Jim Lemon <drjimlemon at gmail.com<mailto:drjimlemon at gmail.com>> wrote:> > Hi Ding, > Translating this into R code: > > freq<-c(1,2,5,5,10,4,4,8,1,1,8,8,2,4,3,1,2,1,1,138,149,14,1,1) > > table(freq) > freq > 1 2 3 4 5 8 10 14 138 149 > 8 3 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 > > library(prettyR) > > Mode(freq) > [1] "1" > > You have a single modal value (1). If there were at most two ones, you > would have three values (2,4,8) that could be considered multiple > modes. What you seem to be doing is considering values that are not > separated by commas as modes. Perhaps this is a formatting problem > with your email. > > Jim > > On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 7:55 AM Yuan Chun Ding <ycding at coh.org<mailto:ycding at coh.org>> wrote: > > > > Hi R users, > > > > I want to find multiple modes (10, 8, 149) for the following vector. > > > > freq =1,2,5,5 10,4,4,8,1,1,8,8,2,4,3,1,2,1,1 138 149 14,1,1; > > > > any suggestion? > > > > Thank you, > > > > Ding > > > > ---------------------------------------------------------------------- > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > > -SECURITY/CONFIDENTIALITY WARNING- > > > > This message and any attachments are intended solely for the individual or entity to which they are addressed. This communication may contain information that is privileged, confidential, or exempt from disclosure under applicable law (e.g., personal health information, research data, financial information). Because this e-mail has been sent without encryption, individuals other than the intended recipient may be able to view the information, forward it to others or tamper with the information without the knowledge or consent of the sender. If you are not the intended recipient, or the employee or person responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, any dissemination, distribution or copying of the communication is strictly prohibited. If you received the communication in error, please notify the sender immediately by replying to this message and deleting the message and any accompanying files from your system. If, due to the security risks, you do not wish to r > ec > > eive further communications via e-mail, please reply to this message and inform the sender that you do not wish to receive further e-mail from the sender. (LCP301) > > ------------------------------------------------------------ > > > > [[alternative HTML version deleted]] > > > > ______________________________________________ > > R-help at r-project.org<mailto:R-help at r-project.org> mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > > https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh7SE8vZj$ > > PLEASE do read the posting guide https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh07mJrDD$ > > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. > > ______________________________________________ > R-help at r-project.org<mailto:R-help at r-project.org> mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see > https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh7SE8vZj$ > PLEASE do read the posting guide https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!9OUyylfoBlBUQnLz-Egk5Um71rWB0DbbnY4gyx9_RpEt81y9sySrh07mJrDD$ > and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.______________________________________________ R-help at r-project.org<mailto:R-help at r-project.org> mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help<https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!441uqddHFvpuq6wfAy-jNNUZ8Dz_jGxN9itKerhoPxav-yjaqUkpwHJvsqnO$> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html<https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html__;!!Fou38LsQmgU!441uqddHFvpuq6wfAy-jNNUZ8Dz_jGxN9itKerhoPxav-yjaqUkpwNnVwHmS$> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
Jim Lemon
2020-Mar-16 08:09 UTC
[R] find multiple mode, sorry for not providing enough information
Hi Ding, While I was completely off the track in my first reply, the subsequent posts make your problem somewhat clearer. The way you state the problem suggests that the order of the values of "freq" is important. That is, it is not just a matter of finding local maxima, but the direction in which you approach those maxima is important. For example. I might want to only identify maxima with at least four monotonically increasing values preceding them and a decrease of at least half the value of the maximum in the succeeding value. By breaking down the problem into a set of criteria, these can be implemented in a function that will search the values in one direction, returning the locations of maxima that fulfil those criteria. Jim On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 3:11 PM Yuan Chun Ding <ycding at coh.org> wrote:> > sorry, I just came back. > > Yes, Abby's understanding is right. > > > tem4$Var1 > [1] 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 31 > > tem4$Freq > [1] 1 2 5 5 10 4 4 8 1 1 8 8 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 138 149 14 1 1 > > I have 2000 markers, this is just one example marker, the var1 is a VNTR marker with alleles 1, 3, 4 etc, a multi-allele marker; the corresponding frequency for each allele is 1,2 5 etc. I want to convert this multi-allele marker to bi-allele markers by choosing a cutoff value; I would want the cut point to be allele 6 with frequency of 10, so allele 1 to allele 9 are considered as "short" allele, allele 10 to 31 as "long" allele; then sliding to next rsing frequency peak, allele 8 with frequency of 8, etc. > > maybe those rising peaks are not really multiple modes, but I want to do this type of data conversion. I want to first determine the number of modes, then convert input dat file into m different input files, then perform Cox regression analysis for each converted file. I am stuck in the step of find out m rise peaks. > > Thank you, > > Ding >
Yuan Chun Ding
2020-Mar-16 16:35 UTC
[R] find multiple mode, sorry for not providing enough information
Hi Jim, Yes, you are right. I sorted the tem4$Var1 first, then find rising peaks in Freq variable from left to right. I guess I probably need to define the minimal rising and drop on both side of a potential maxima, so avoid identifying really small rising peaks. For example, I only want to identify the freq value of freq=10 (corresponding var1 = allele6), freq=8(var1=allele9),, freq=8( var1=allele12), and freq=149 (var1=allele23), but ignore freq=4 (var10=allele15) and freq=2 (var1=allele18). I am still working on it, any help would be really appreciated. Thank you, Ding -----Original Message----- From: Jim Lemon [mailto:drjimlemon at gmail.com] Sent: Monday, March 16, 2020 1:10 AM To: Yuan Chun Ding; r-help mailing list Subject: Re: [R] find multiple mode, sorry for not providing enough information [Attention: This email came from an external source. Do not open attachments or click on links from unknown senders or unexpected emails.] ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Hi Ding, While I was completely off the track in my first reply, the subsequent posts make your problem somewhat clearer. The way you state the problem suggests that the order of the values of "freq" is important. That is, it is not just a matter of finding local maxima, but the direction in which you approach those maxima is important. For example. I might want to only identify maxima with at least four monotonically increasing values preceding them and a decrease of at least half the value of the maximum in the succeeding value. By breaking down the problem into a set of criteria, these can be implemented in a function that will search the values in one direction, returning the locations of maxima that fulfil those criteria. Jim On Mon, Mar 16, 2020 at 3:11 PM Yuan Chun Ding <ycding at coh.org> wrote:> > sorry, I just came back. > > Yes, Abby's understanding is right. > > > tem4$Var1 > [1] 1 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 31 > > tem4$Freq > [1] 1 2 5 5 10 4 4 8 1 1 8 8 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 138 149 14 1 1 > > I have 2000 markers, this is just one example marker, the var1 is a VNTR marker with alleles 1, 3, 4 etc, a multi-allele marker; the corresponding frequency for each allele is 1,2 5 etc. I want to convert this multi-allele marker to bi-allele markers by choosing a cutoff value; I would want the cut point to be allele 6 with frequency of 10, so patients with allele 1 to allele 5 are considered as carrying "short" allele, allele 6 to 31 as "long" allele; then sliding to next rsing frequency peak, allele 8 with frequency of 8, etc. > > maybe those rising peaks are not really multiple modes, but I want to do this type of data conversion. I want to first determine m number of modes, then convert input dat file into m different input files, then perform Cox regression analysis for each converted file. I am stuck in the step of find out m rise peaks. > > Thank you, > > Ding >---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------ -SECURITY/CONFIDENTIALITY WARNING- This message and any attachments are intended solely for the individual or entity to which they are addressed. This communication may contain information that is privileged, confidential, or exempt from disclosure under applicable law (e.g., personal health information, research data, financial information). Because this e-mail has been sent without encryption, individuals other than the intended recipient may be able to view the information, forward it to others or tamper with the information without the knowledge or consent of the sender. If you are not the intended recipient, or the employee or person responsible for delivering the message to the intended recipient, any dissemination, distribution or copying of the communication is strictly prohibited. If you received the communication in error, please notify the sender immediately by replying to this message and deleting the message and any accompanying files from your system. If, due to the security risks, you do not wish to receive further communications via e-mail, please reply to this message and inform the sender that you do not wish to receive further e-mail from the sender. (LCP301) ------------------------------------------------------------