Hi there, I happened to find the expression(!abc) produces !(abc) when I used plotmath in a text annotation. Here is the mini-example. > plot(1, type = "n") > text(1,1, expression(!abc)) I don't find "!" in plotmath document. By the way, how to reduce the space between two adjacent strings, something opposite to "~~". I mean, to get a space that is narrower than "~" but wider than "*". Best, Jinsong