Hey, I was trying to implement Stochastic Gradient Boosting in R. Following is my code in rstudio: library(caret); library(gbm); library(plyr); library(survival); library(splines); library(mlbench); set.seed(35); stack = read.csv("E:/Semester 3/BDA/PROJECT/Sample_SO.csv", head =TRUE,sep=","); dim(stack); #displaying dimensions of the dataset #SPLITTING TRAINING AND TESTING SET totraining <- createDataPartition(stack$ID, p = .6, list = FALSE); training <- stack[ totraining,] test <- stack[-totraining,] #PARAMETER SETTING t_control <- trainControl(method = "cv", number = 10); # GLM start <- proc.time(); glm = train(ID ~ ., data = training, method = "gbm", metric = "ROC", trControl = t_control, verbose = FALSE) When I am compiling last line, I am getting following error: Error in `contrasts<-`(`*tmp*`, value = contr.funs[1 + isOF[nn]]) : contrasts can be applied only to factors with 2 or more levels Can anyone tell me where I am going wrong and How to rectify it. It?ll be greatful. Thank you. Looking forward to it. Regards, Karteek Pradyumna Bulusu. [[alternative HTML version deleted]]