Hi all, Considering the limit time I have for an implementation, I better ask for your inputs on a few questions. Any answer is to be much appreciated. First, how does LLVM handle the "new statement" of C++? Could any one give me any hint? Second, what properties does the callgraph generated by LLVM has? One property I am interesting in is whether the callgraph is a safe approximation of its corresponding run-time callgraph. Third, does LLVM provide any strategy to resolve function calls? If yes, what strategies does it employ? Thanks! Best, Xiaolong
On Mon, Jun 7, 2010 at 12:03 PM, Xiaolong Tang <xiaolong.snake at gmail.com> wrote:> Hi all, > > Considering the limit time I have for an implementation, I better ask > for your inputs on a few questions. Any answer is to be much > appreciated. > > First, how does LLVM handle the "new statement" of C++? Could any one > give me any hint?Try looking at the output of llvm-g++ or clang++. Essentially, it expands into a call to operator new and a call to the appropriate constructor.> Second, what properties does the callgraph generated by LLVM has? One > property I am interesting in is whether the callgraph is a safe > approximation of its corresponding run-time callgraph.It's safe in the sense that it's conservatively correct.> Third, does LLVM provide any strategy to resolve function calls? If > yes, what strategies does it employ?LLVM has general constant propagation, which also applies to function pointers. There aren't really any strategies specific to indirect calls, besides minor tweaks like varying inlining thresholds. Resolving C++ virtual function calls is a problem which isn't completely solved yet; see http://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=3100 . -Eli
Xiaolong Tang wrote:> First, how does LLVM handle the "new statement" of C++? Could any one > give me any hint? >It doesn't. Handling C++'s new expression (not statement) is up to the compiler frontend. Clang handles it by emitting a call to the runtime-provided operator new function (which is probably implemented in terms of malloc) followed by a constructor call, if applicable.> Third, does LLVM provide any strategy to resolve function calls? If > yes, what strategies does it employ? >What do you mean by resolve? Sebastian
Hi Xiaolong,> First, how does LLVM handle the "new statement" of C++? Could any one > give me any hint?LLVM doesn't have special support for "new". It's up to the C++ front-ends (clang++, llvm-g++, g++-4.5+dragonegg) to lower "new" to LLVM IR. You can find out how by pasting C++ code into http://llvm.org/demo For example, "int *n(void) { return new int; }" -> define i32* @_Z1nv() { entry: %0 = tail call i8* @_Znwm(i64 4) ; <i8*> [#uses=1] %1 = bitcast i8* %0 to i32* ; <i32*> [#uses=1] ret i32* %1 } declare i8* @_Znwm(i64)> Second, what properties does the callgraph generated by LLVM has? One > property I am interesting in is whether the callgraph is a safe > approximation of its corresponding run-time callgraph.It is, otherwise it would be useless.> Third, does LLVM provide any strategy to resolve function calls? If > yes, what strategies does it employ?This is mostly done by the the inline and instcombine passes. Ciao, Duncan.
Hello Sebastian, Thanks!> It doesn't. Handling C++'s new expression (not statement) is up to the > compiler frontend. Clang handles it by emitting a call to the > runtime-provided operator new function (which is probably implemented in > terms of malloc) followed by a constructor call, if applicable.Just reminded me of the accurate C++ syntax grammar. The proper description is new expressions rather than new statements.> > Third, does LLVM provide any strategy to resolve function calls? If > > yes, what strategies does it employ? > > > What do you mean by resolve?I mean to say the way to resolve virtual functions in C++. I am currently experimenting to write an analysis pass in LLVM. One prerequisite of the analysis is to have a safe approximation of a program's run-time callgraph. Fortunately, Eli basically answered my questions. Thanks all! Best, Xiaolong
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