Hi, Though this is not related to FreeBSD (Linux actually), the URL http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~zhiyunq/pub/sec16_TCP_pure_offpath.pdf is an interesting read. -- Cheers, Cy Schubert <Cy.Schubert at cschubert.com> FreeBSD UNIX: <cy at FreeBSD.org> Web: http://www.FreeBSD.org The need of the many outweighs the greed of the few.