llvm dev - Nov 2011 - [LLVMdev] [cfe-dev] weak_odr constant versus weak_odr global

2011/11/7 Rafael Espíndola <rafael.espindola at
gmail.com>:
> I tried a small variation:
>
> struct S {
>  static const int x;
> };
> template<typename T> struct U {
>  static const int k;
> };
> template<typename T> const int U<T>::k = T::x;
>
> #ifdef TU1
> extern int f();
> const int S::x = 42;
> int main() {
>  return f() + reinterpret_cast<long>(&U<S>::k);
> }
> #endif
> #ifdef TU2
> int f() { return U<S>::k; }
> #endif
>
> and it crashes with gcc too :-( The original testcase works because
> gcc folds the value into main even at -O0.
>
> If we are going to support it for real, I think Richard patch is going
> on the right direction, but we should completely drop the idea of a
> "weak_odr constant". If we cannot use it for instructing the
linker to
> put it an o ro section, the "constant" gives us nothing that the
"odr"
> doesn't.
In cases where the C++ standard requires static initialization,
introducing a write violates the guarantees of the C++ standard for
static initialization.  Therefore, I'm not sure the whole "make the
constant writable" approach is actually viable.

-Eli

On Mon, November 7, 2011 16:31, Eli Friedman wrote:
> 2011/11/7 Rafael Espíndola <rafael.espindola at gmail.com>:
>> I tried a small variation:
>>
>>
>> struct S {  static const int x;
>> };
>> template<typename T> struct U {  static const int k;
>> };
>> template<typename T> const int U<T>::k = T::x;
>>
>> #ifdef TU1
>> extern int f(); const int S::x = 42; int main() {  return f() +
>> reinterpret_cast<long>(&U<S>::k);
>> }
>> #endif
>> #ifdef TU2
>> int f() { return U<S>::k; } #endif
>>
>>
>> and it crashes with gcc too :-( The original testcase works because gcc
>> folds the value into main even at -O0.
Indeed, I filed gcc bug#50968 for this last week.
>> If we are going to support it for real, I think Richard patch is going
>> on the right direction, but we should completely drop the idea of a
"weak_odr
>> constant". If we cannot use it for instructing the linker to put
it an o ro
>> section, the "constant" gives us nothing that the
"odr" doesn't.
Well, a weak_odr constant's value can be propagated in opt, which is an
optimization we should strive to avoid losing. (I'm not sure whether
it's a
conforming optimization, though: if we end up dynamically initializing the
variable, we may propagate the constant into places which are required to see
its value being 0 if it's dynamically initialized).
> In cases where the C++ standard requires static initialization,
> introducing a write violates the guarantees of the C++ standard for static
> initialization.  Therefore, I'm not sure the whole "make the
constant
> writable" approach is actually viable.
There is another problem which afflicts all solutions presented thus far, for
the other kind of weak global values in C++. For a static variable defined
within an inline function, we can select the variable plus guard from a TU
with dynamic initialization, and select the function definition from a TU with
static initialization, with the result that the object doesn't get
initialized
at all.

I have two new proposals for fixing this, which I believe actually work.

1) [Requires ABI change] We emit dynamic initialization code for weak globals
(even in TUs where static initialization is required to be performed), unless
we can prove that every translation unit will use static initialization. We
emit the global plus its guard variable as a single object so the linker
can't
separate them (this is the ABI change). If we can perform static
initialization in any translation unit, then that TU emits a constant weak
object (in .rodata if we want) containing the folded value and with the guard
variable set to 1 (per Eli's proposal).

2) [No ABI change, but ugly and inefficient] We emit dynamic initialization
code for weak globals, unless we can prove that every translation unit will
use static initialization. In TUs where the value can be folded, we emit that
value as a weak_odr constant. The dynamic initialization code works like this:

  if (((char*)guard)[0] == 0) {
    if (__cxa_guard_acquire(guard)) {
      if (object is zero-initialized) {
        try {
          ... initialize object ...
        } catch (...) {
          __cxa_guard_abort(guard);
          throw;
        }
        ... enqueue dtor with __cxa_atexit ...
      }
      __cxa_guard_release(guard);
    }
  }

The zero-initialization check ensures that we never run both the static and
dynamic initialization, unless the static initialization produces the value 0
(which is equivalent to not having performed static initialization, so is OK).

One remaining issue with this is that the object still needs to be writable if
we fold its initializer to 0 -- we can either emit a weak_odr global instead
for such cases, or force weak_odr constants (at least ones with a zero
initializer) out of .rodata.

Thanks,
Richard

On Nov 7, 2011, at 9:47 AM, Richard Smith wrote:
>> In cases where the C++ standard requires static initialization,
>> introducing a write violates the guarantees of the C++ standard for
static
>> initialization.  Therefore, I'm not sure the whole "make the
constant
>> writable" approach is actually viable.
> 
> There is another problem which afflicts all solutions presented thus far,
for
> the other kind of weak global values in C++. For a static variable defined
> within an inline function, we can select the variable plus guard from a TU
> with dynamic initialization, and select the function definition from a TU
with
> static initialization, with the result that the object doesn't get
initialized
> at all.
> I have two new proposals for fixing this, which I believe actually work.
> 
> 1) [Requires ABI change] We emit dynamic initialization code for weak
globals
> (even in TUs where static initialization is required to be performed),
unless
> we can prove that every translation unit will use static initialization. We
> emit the global plus its guard variable as a single object so the linker
can't
> separate them (this is the ABI change). If we can perform static
> initialization in any translation unit, then that TU emits a constant weak
> object (in .rodata if we want) containing the folded value and with the
guard
> variable set to 1 (per Eli's proposal).
The ABI actually suggests doing exactly this, except using multiple
symbols linked with a COMDAT group.  Unfortunately, LLVM doesn't
support that COMDAT feature yet, but it could certainly be taught to.
This guarantees correctness as long as every translation unit emits the
code the same way, which is exactly what we'd get from an ABI change,
except without actually breaking ABI conformance.

Mach-O doesn't support anything like COMDAT, but the Darwin linker
apparently gives significantly stronger guarantees about which object
files it will take symbols from, as long as all objects have all of the
symbols.

John.

Hi Richard,
>>> and it crashes with gcc too :-( The original testcase works because
gcc
>>> folds the value into main even at -O0.
>
> Indeed, I filed gcc bug#50968 for this last week.
are you sure this is the right gcc bug number?

Ciao, Duncan.