RShowDoc('FAQ')
then search for 7.31
This statement
"If you stop at a 5 or 7 or 8 and back up to the previous digit, you round
up. Else you leave the previous result alone."
is not quite right. The recommendation in IEEE 754, and this is how R does
arithmetic, is to Round Even.
I ilustrate here with decimal, even though R and other programs use binary.
> x <- c(1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6)
> r <- round(x)
> cbind(x, r)
x r
[1,] 1.4 1
[2,] 1.5 2
[3,] 1.6 2
[4,] 2.4 2
[5,] 2.5 2
[6,] 2.6 3
[7,] 3.4 3
[8,] 3.5 4
[9,] 3.6 4
[10,] 4.4 4
[11,] 4.5 4
[12,] 4.6 5>
Numbers whose last digit is not 5 (when in decimal) round to the nearest
integer.
Numbers who last digit is 5 (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 above)
round to the nearest EVEN integer.
Hence 1.5 and 3.5 round up to the even numbers 2 and 4.
2.5 and 4.5 round down do the even numbers 2 and 4.
This way the round ups and downs average out to 0. If we always went up from .5
we would have
an updrift over time.
For even more detail click on the link in FAQ 7.31 to my appendix
https:// link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4939-2122-5%2F1.pdf
and search for "Appendix G".
Section G.5 explains Round to Even.
Sections G.6 onward illustrate specific examples, such as the one that started
this email thread.
Rich
Richard,
I think it was fairly clear I was explaining how people do arithmetic manually
and often truncate or round to some number of decimal places. I said nothing
about what R does or what the IEEE standards say and I do not particularly care
when making MY point.
My point is that humans before computers also had trouble writing down any
decimals that continue indefinitely. It cannot be expected computer versions of
arithmetic can do much better. Different people can opt to do the calculation
with the same or different numbers of digits ad when compared to each other they
may not match.
I do care what it does in my programs, of course. My goal here was to explain to
someone that the anomaly found was not really an anomaly and that careful coding
may be required in these situations.
-----Original Message-----
From: Richard M. Heiberger <rmh at temple.edu>
To: Avi Gross <avigross at verizon.net>
Cc: Nathan Boeger <nboeger at gmail.com>; r-help at r-project.org
<r-help at r-project.org>
Sent: Tue, Feb 1, 2022 2:44 pm
Subject: Re: [External] [R] Funky calculations
RShowDoc('FAQ')
then search for 7.31
This statement
"If you stop at a 5 or 7 or 8 and back up to the previous digit, you round
up. Else you leave the previous result alone."
is not quite right.? The recommendation in IEEE 754, and this is how R does
arithmetic, is to Round Even.
I ilustrate here with decimal, even though R and other programs use binary.
> x <- c(1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6)
> r <- round(x)
> cbind(x, r)
? ? ? ? x r
[1,] 1.4 1
[2,] 1.5 2
[3,] 1.6 2
[4,] 2.4 2
[5,] 2.5 2
[6,] 2.6 3
[7,] 3.4 3
[8,] 3.5 4
[9,] 3.6 4
[10,] 4.4 4
[11,] 4.5 4
[12,] 4.6 5>
Numbers whose last digit is not 5 (when in decimal) round to the nearest
integer.
Numbers who last digit is 5 (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 above)
round to the nearest EVEN integer.
Hence 1.5 and 3.5 round up to the even numbers 2 and 4.
2.5 and 4.5 round down do the even numbers 2 and 4.
This way the round ups and downs average out to 0.? If we always went up from .5
we would have
an updrift over time.
For even more detail click on the link in FAQ 7.31 to my appendix
https:// link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4939-2122-5%2F1.pdf
and search for "Appendix G".
Section G.5 explains Round to Even.
Sections G.6 onward illustrate specific examples, such as the one that started
this email thread.
Rich
Thank you for this explanation! I have a long background in C/C++ and never realized this was such an issue with some languages. At least, with trivial single digit decimals. I understand accuracy issues with very large decimals, repeating or non-terminating rationals and I have handled them in the past. It makes me worried about all the R scripts I have written before (yikes!). Cheers -nb On Wed, 2 Feb 2022 at 02:44, Richard M. Heiberger <rmh at temple.edu> wrote:> RShowDoc('FAQ') > > then search for 7.31 > > > This statement > "If you stop at a 5 or 7 or 8 and back up to the previous digit, you round > up. Else you leave the previous result alone." > is not quite right. The recommendation in IEEE 754, and this is how R > does arithmetic, is to Round Even. > > I ilustrate here with decimal, even though R and other programs use binary. > > > x <- c(1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6) > > r <- round(x) > > cbind(x, r) > x r > [1,] 1.4 1 > [2,] 1.5 2 > [3,] 1.6 2 > [4,] 2.4 2 > [5,] 2.5 2 > [6,] 2.6 3 > [7,] 3.4 3 > [8,] 3.5 4 > [9,] 3.6 4 > [10,] 4.4 4 > [11,] 4.5 4 > [12,] 4.6 5 > > > > Numbers whose last digit is not 5 (when in decimal) round to the nearest > integer. > Numbers who last digit is 5 (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5 above) > round to the nearest EVEN integer. > Hence 1.5 and 3.5 round up to the even numbers 2 and 4. > 2.5 and 4.5 round down do the even numbers 2 and 4. > > This way the round ups and downs average out to 0. If we always went up > from .5 we would have > an updrift over time. > > For even more detail click on the link in FAQ 7.31 to my appendix > https:// link.springer.com/content/pdf/bbm%3A978-1-4939-2122-5%2F1.pdf > and search for "Appendix G". > > Section G.5 explains Round to Even. > Sections G.6 onward illustrate specific examples, such as the one that > started this email thread. > > Rich[[alternative HTML version deleted]]